The Caucasus is one of the most significant regions of the Near East located on the border of Asia and Europe.

The important processes connected with two parts of the world in politics and culture took place there. The problems of anthropo and ethnogenesis of the most ancient population of the central part of the Caucasus were considered in the article. The most ancient population of the Central Caucasus (Georgia) was formed under the influence of two big races: Indo-European and Mediterranean. It is clearly evidenced by paleoanthropological material. The significance of Mediterranean race in the history of development of population is considered. The processes of settlement of tribes of the Mediterranean coast and their assimilation took place, which caused formation of Mediterranean race. The obtained data in the result of paleoanthropological investigations show great influence of Mediterranean race on the processes of anthropo and ethnogenesis in the territory of the Central Caucasus.