Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2002 – № 6 -245 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
V. Gurgenidze. The Idea of a Lawful State and Problems of a Transforming Society. The idea of lawful state was formulated since old times and counts many centuries, but systematization of this problem and further development was realized by instructors in XVIII century. Accordingly for protection of personal rights and freedom separate independent individuals create the state, which represents society convention – the result of the agreement of administrators and subjects. In lawful state the law connects the state, society and individuals. Lawful state principle implicates that each act corresponds to the constitution. Lawful state ensures supreme justice and law, human rights and freedom maximum guarantees, universal equality, state and society mutual responsibility, human protection and court. In the article are elucidated lawful state development problems in post soviet Georgia, transitive period conditions difficulties and resistances of this process.
A. Salmanova. Development of Federal Attitudes in the Post-Soviet Russia. In article becoming of federal state in Russia is considered. Formation of democratic federal attitudes in modern Russia is one of the very interesting and actual problems.
S. Khizanishvili. The End of Metaphysical Revolt (Nietzsche). Camus repeatedly marked that wanted to show a correlation of thinking with historical reality. The results of the philosophy of revolt were considered on the background of absurd philosophy. It was found out that the absurd thinking has found its display in the forms of metaphysical revolt, the ruminative stage of which was the historical revolt, and finally absolute nihilism. Overcoming of lacks of nihilism as an extreme form of the metaphysical revolt is the purpose of an estimation of outlook of Nietzsche's philosophy. But accepting absurd as an ontological basis of being by the existentialist philosopher hardly will bring the desirable result.
I. Skhirtladze. Ecological Review of the Caucasian Bumble-Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). The goal of the study was the investigation of the nutrition of Caucasian bumble-bees. It was founded out that each of she-bumble bees collects nectar and dust from the plants of the same species, ignoring the neighboring plant in blossom. Each she-bumble-bee or a labour bumble-bee manages to collect the nectar and dust from 10 to 20 flowers or 30-45 flowers within one in florescence in minute. The Caucasian bumble-bees collect nutrition on the flowers of 38-39 families of plants, of 200 genera and about 1000 species.
R. Daushvili. Michael Kedia - Defender of the Georgian's Interests. The article is dedicated to Michael Kedia, an emigrant, whose mention was prohibited in our country, as a fascist. He had never been a member of the Nazi Party. He was one of the active members of Georgian Connecting Staff, Caucasian Council and War Prisoners' Liberation Action. Weiss, The Great Rabbi of Paris wrote him the letter of gratitude for saving from deportation over a thousand of Georgian and European Jews. Kedia's merit and devotion are presented in memoirs of emigration.
T. Ivelashvili. The Ethno-Social Condition of the Population of Javakheti According to the "Great Book of Gurjistani Vilayety". To study the ethno-social condition of the population of Javakhei, one of the important historic parts of South-West Georgia in feudal epoch, has a great, practical and political importance. "The Great Book of Gurjistani Vilayeti" is a valuable source in researching of this problem. The book was written 1595 for the organization of raising the taxes in the provinces of South-West Georgia conquered by the Osmans in the II half of the XVI century. This book is the important document. We studied only the ethno-social condition of the population of Javakheti. Research showed that the majority of the population of Javakheti (about 95.18 %, by name, patronymic and religion) was Georgians in the period of making "The Great Book of Gurjistani Vilayeti".
G. Sordia. Peculiarities of Ottoman-Hanefi Law School. The paper deals with the questions of Ottoman state legislation system. This doctrine is different from classical Islamic judicial school. The author considers these peculiarities and comes to conclusion that reasons why Ottoman legal system was not typical one should search in characteristics of Hanefi law school which was wide-spread in the Ottoman Empire. The paper also studies similarity of some aspects of Ottoman and Byzantine justice.
V. Kikilashvili. Role and Status of Woman in Caucasus. In article the role and status of woman in different regions of Caucasus are considered. The status of woman is considered as in Christian also in Muslim society. The role of woman in preservation of language and national traditions is especially underlined.
O. Miminoshvily. Towards the Questions of Division into Periods and Chronology of Ethnography in Georgia. In this work the steps of development of ethnography in Georgia are discussed. Based on the general ethnographical division into periods, it gives the concrete expression of chronological limits, classification of the history of accumulation of the ethnographical knowledge and development of ethnography in Georgia. Hence, the conception shown in this work is one of the first attempts of division into periods.
O. Miminoshvily. Toward the History of Georgian Ethnography. This work is a review of the history of Georgian ethnography. It is a brief survey of the most important period's line of achievements in this field of science. Apart of the historical review, it briefly describes the researches done on history of literature, folklore and other fields of science.
N. Melkadze, E. Imnadze. The History of the Scientific Degrees. Historians refer the appearance of the Universities to the medieval Europe as to the twelfth – century Renaissance. Universities – Studium generale – were the guilds of scientific magistrates. Many traditions of the medieval universities are still in practice. Among these - the tradition of gaining the scientific degrees. The article reviews the history of scientific degrees. The first doctor's degree was introduced in Bologna, 1130 (Doctor of Law). The doctor's degree of Divinity was introduced in Paris, 1231. The first doctor's degree of Medicine was introduced in the XIV c.
E. Eristavi. The Structure of "Mikela" Directed by E. Shengelaya. The analysis of psychological construction of the film is laid out in the given work. This analysis is presented by the block-diagram. It expresses the structure of the film's audio-visual process in complex manner.
E. Eristavi. Film's Audio-Visual Structure. The analysis of the film's audio-visual structure determined main criteria of the plasticity's process: image and coloring. They combined inside vertical and horizontal variations of the material. Polyrhythm of the process is directed to modification of the image. In the work this level is represented by dramatical meter.
T. Zhghenti. Towards the Definition of the Concept: Creative Activity. The supervision over the work of the high school of a creative structure presents that selection of really gifted students is still impossible. In article the psychological, aesthetic and pedagogical aspects of the creative activity conception are analyzed.
T. Zhghenti. The System of Obligatory Knowledge for Creative Activity. The process of preparation of students to creative activity is closely connected with mastering in the theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Creative work is a process of creation of aesthetic values. That means the knowledge of psychological character of this process.
I. Dolidze. Theatre at Caravanserai. According to the plan of the architect J. Skudieri, so called theatre at caravanserai has been built in Tbilisi 1847-1851. The interior of the theatre has been made up by the artist Gr. Gagarin. Located on the central square of city and being one of the most beautiful buildings of the 19th century Tbilisi architecture, it was burned down in 1874. Architects and builders applied the experience of the European theatrical architecture – type of so called circle theatre with deep stage-box. The facades of theatre have been constructed in the spirit of Russian Classicism. Whereas in spectator's hall typical for caravanserais the Eastern (Iranian) architectural motives have prevailed. Theatre at caravanserai expresses the general eclectic tendencies of European and Russian architectures of the 19th century. It is also remarkable, that at this well-known theatre the Italian opera, Georgian drama, Russian drama and ballet worked simultaneously.
M. Dzidziguri. Analysis of Proportionate System of Georgian Pavilion on All-Union Exhibition in 1939. The given work represents the study of geometrical structure and proportionate system of the pavilion. As a result of the study it was revealed that the construction of the pavilion is based on a single system. The all parameters of the building are also brought up into a single system which corresponds to the "Golden section". These all condition the harmonious architecture of the given building.
U. Dvalishvili. The Next World from the Choreographic Viewpoint. The evidence of the existence of dancing in the next world is preserved in mountainous Georgia. Good spirits of the dead dance around the white tower of the next world every morning and evening. Almost a similar picture is found in the epos of Narts. According to the old mythological traditions, circle is sacred; it surrounds the tree of life and is an attribute of other magic activities. The round dance exists up to the present day, which is known as "perkhuli". According to our conclusion, the dances performed around the tower in the next world in the morning and evening is identical with round dances. The trace of the oldest beliefs found in folk-lore concerning dancing in the next world is also important from the choreographic viewpoint.
J. Saidova. Towards the Semantics of Postpositions in the Rutul Language. The paper considers the cases of the postpositions in Rutul. They express the object relations in "three-dimensional" directions. The semantics of space and spatial movement basically is presented by postpositions.
J. Saidova. Three-Dimensionality of Space in the Lingual Consciousness of the Rutuls. The paper considers the semantic groups of postpositions in Rutul. They express different direction of the object movement from any place of its position.
Z. Mallaeva. Towards the Terms "Subject" and "Object" in the Ergative Languages. The article offers the refusal of such terms as "subject" and "object". They do not supply an adequate reflection of the things of the ergative languages. Instead of them the terms a subject of action and an object of condition are presented. They can reflect all the specific peculiarities of the ergative languages.
M. Abashilova. The Preverbal-Postpositional Means of the Expression of Spatial Orientation in the Avar and English Languages. Prepositions and postpositions are widely used in Avar and English languages for expression of the spatial orientation. In the article is carried out a differentiation of terms and notions - "postposition" in Germanic philology and Caucasian philology. Here is suggested a comparative analysis of the spatial semantics of the preposition – postposition means in Avar and English languages.
K. Sokhadze. The Old Georgian Name of January. The article considers the Old Georgian word apani//apnisi which is identical to the Hittite name of the zodiac sign - Capricorn. It is proved that the name of the month apani comes from the name of the mystery in honor of the Georgian pagan god Kapunia//Kapani.
N. Kipiani. Towards the Names of Letters of the Slavonic Alphabet. In the article the names of some letters of the Slavonic alphabet are interpreted. The names of letters of the Slavonic alphabet belong to its creator - Constantine Philosopher. It is more probable that Constantine Philosopher (Cyril) is the creator of the Cyrillic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet is a secondary system. This hypothesis is based on analysis of the Slavonic alphabet as a semiotic system.
B. Tskhadadze. Towards the Relation and Origin of the Words Kimerieli and Gmiri. The word gmir-i (hero) - a verbal noun with the suffix ir performed from ablative. The structure is following: gmers ― gmira ― gmiri. The primary semantics of the word gmiri (i in Georgian is an ending of case) is next: gmiri =hero (a man who was bound, or who bound others, or one who was tormented). So gmiri = bounded (a man who fought, corrupted). From these we have got: a giant, a huge man. For comparison: gmin-v-a (suffer, moan), gm-ur-i (a spear). The root of gmir-i (¬ gumiri) is connected with gumera||gurema, gmin-v-a, guema, guami||gvami. There exists a possibility that Armenian word gamir (Cimmerian) and Syrian word gmira (completed) are formed from the Georgian gmiri.
I. Kruashvili. The Shifts and Concretions in the Sphere of Adjectives in German. The shifts and concretions in the sphere of adjectives are variants of the word-formative construction which are joined in one general model but differ by formal and structural features. In the article the problem of their identification is raised and their similarities and differences are described.
E. Gabrichidze, N. Machavariani. The Comparison of the Hypotaxic Construction and the System of Subordinating Conjunction in Old Georgian and Ancient Greek (Based on the Material of the First Two Books of Bible and the Gospel). The thorough analysis of the Georgian conjunctions vitarca, vitarmed, rametu, rajta demonstrates that none of observed Georgian conjunctions are not the just identical copies of the Greek ones. As it is evident, exposed Georgian conjunctions existed before translating of Bible. On the basis of functional and semantic analysis of the Georgian and Greek conjunctions is shown that while translating the Bible the Georgian system of conjunctions was not completely formatted yet, in spite of the Old Georgian translating traditions. The comparing of the Bible and the Gospel redactions the tendency of conjunctions systematization has been displayed. The Gelati edition of the Bible exposes this tendency as like as Giorgi Mtatsmindeli's one. Using existed scientific literature we declare that conjunctions explored by us (except raita) belongs to the Old Georgian language. In Medieval Georgian we have new tendencies that may be appeared under the influence of the Eastern literary traditions.
T. Tsitsishvili. Towards the History of Critical Perception of the M. Javakhishvili's Early Creations. In the creative heritage of K. Abashidze it is necessary to allocate his critical estimation of the early stories of Javakhishvili. Abashidze has distinguished a big talent and high fictional abilities of the beginning writer - Javakhishvili.
O. Chikovani, N. Jikia. Reflection of Problems of the Kolkhida Lowland Melioration in the Fictions and Arts. The problem of draining and economical development of the Kolkhida lowland had always been and still remains the most important for our country. Selfless labour of the Georgian people for settling this problem has been reflected in the fictions and arts – theatre, cinema, prose, poetry etc.
I. Beradze. Prosaic Works Translated and Modified by Nico Lomouri on the Pages of "Droeba". The present work discusses the works by French writers Erkman-Shatrian translated from Russian and interpreted by Lomouri. The translator's contribution in enriching of the Georgian literature is determined.
T. Gogoladze. Towards the History of Study of the Ethic-Aesthetic Model of Love. The 19th century of the Georgian love lyrics is, on one hand, a continuation of the ethic-aesthetic model of love established over the centuries, on the other hand is a new representation against the background of the literary trends of the epoch.
M. Soselia. G. Leonidze's Verse "Qivchaghi's Appointment". Leonidze's verse "Qivchaghi's appointment" is an individual interpretation of the folk ballad, where qivchaghi is a real enemy and oppressor. The associative influence of the folk "Qivchaghi" was so strong that the enamoured knight of the "Qivchaghi's appointment" has become as an enemy and oppressor in the readers subconscious. The words Qivchaghi, barbarian, Chingiz – Khan, Tamerlan and other used in Leonidze's creative works are accepted as the symbols of devotion, novelty, courage and vital energy. It is supposed that the knight of "Qivchaghi's appointment" was presented by the author as a symbol of vital energy. We think that such reflection of Qivchaghi's disposition will make more interesting the research of the lyrical verses.
E. Tskhadadze. The Literature Variations of the Hero of Iberian-Caucasian Mythology - Khogais Mindia. The myth of Khogais Mindia is about confession of nonhuman Knowledge. The belles-letters of it were done by Vazha Psavela, Grigol Robakidze, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia and Bezhan Abasidze. Three of them were based upon the Ancient Greek and Georgian Myths. The forth shared Adolph Dirr's conception. By means of the last conception there existed a particular Caucasus Religion.
N. Basiladze. A Lesson in V.A. Sukhomlinsky's Theory and Practice. V. Sukhomlynsky identified a lesson with a mirror of general and pedagogical culture of a teacher display of pedagogical treasury. He was against routine lessons. He thought that a good lesson is not which was planned before but created in the process of teaching. The characteristic of the lesson is marked by contact between the teacher and his pupils. The mark, given by the teacher must not be rebuilt into parents' knot. Sukhomlynsky thought that the major factor of difficulties in study is poor health of the pupil. That's why he prepared give the majority of lessons in primary school.
N. Kajaia. Health and Gender. There is good evidence that personality is significantly correlated with disease. Groups of people with all sorts of diseases are more likely to be chronically hostile, depressed and anxious than healthy comparison groups. The consistency of association between personality and disease is remarkable. Many components that the commonly referred to the "gender" have the potential to affect health, including physiological differences (e.g., hormonal differences).
N. Kajaia, S. Abzianidze. Psychological Features of Sex Dimorphism. The aim of the article was to empirically study gender roles and discover the changes, which take place after social, political, economical influences during 10 years. For this we used the methodic which was used in 1988 and 1998 and compared these experimental dates. According the dates, we fixed the tendency, that there are some changes of the gender roles and differentiation between stereotypes of mean and women decrease.
K. Lomsadze. Investigation of the Intellect Level in Primary School. According to our experimental researches "Piaget's phenomenon" of the primary grades increases with the age of the pupils. So the understanding of quantity of pupils of I and II classis is better, than of children of III and IV classis. Some other points of the intellect progress, for example the ability of determination of relations between the whole and the part increase with the development of the age.
N. Ratiani. Methodology for Determination of the Effect of Psycho-Physiological Factors on Operator's Performance. The significance of psycho-physiological factors effecting on the efficiency of operators' performance is considered. One of the most interesting aspects of the research is the dependence of operator's activity quality on the degree of emotional excitation. The practical importance of the research of this dependence consists in its application for regulation of operator's functional state, as well as for organization and dosage of access information stream. In order to maintain optimum level of emotional excitation of the operator a necessary amount of information is needed. Monotony of regulation process decreases the level of attention concentration, introduces intolerable automatism in operator's activity, decreases the probability of his faultless operation and thus, causes the danger of emergency situation.
N. Sumbadze, E. Pirtskalava, U. Hentschel. The Congruence of the Perception of Family Members and Factors Determine It. Georgian families analyzed in the framework of systems theory are described as a system. Fifty-five families were studied in the framework of cross-cultural project (jointly with Leiden University) funded by INTAS. Respondents estimated a self-perception, their perceptions to the family members. Three type of congruence was calculated. The age of respondents was found as a main factor. Children under seventeen demonstrated the least congruence. The amount of self-disclosure did not influence congruence. No positive bias was revealed by family members - all of them evaluated others more favorably than themselves. The youngest child was estimated the most and the father the least positively by other members. The results allow us to conclude that learning of perception continues until the age of seventeen and family can be considered as a lab where, through open communication and feedback, perception and cultural norms of interpersonal relationships are learned.
N. Javakhishvili. Diagnostic Ability of Self-Control Questionnaire. The article concerns checking out a self-control questionnaire - developed by the author of the article - in a clinic. Usually, self-control is measured by multi-factorial tests having self-control as one of the factors, and tests of self-monitoring or locus of control that does not necessarily measure self-control. Therefore, the author of the article developed a self-control questionnaire containing 19 topics that is easy to conduct and process. The questionnaire is reliable, valid and standardized; its reliability is 0.92 thus enabling us to use it in a clinic. The projective Rorschach test was also used in the study, as it is normally utilized as a diagnostic tool and includes self-control factor. The study proved a diagnostic ability of the self-control questionnaire: it can be used in a clinic in a battery with other tests.
N. Javakhishvili, S. Dolidze. "Self" and Other Related Terms. The article is dedicated to a term "self" and other related ones, such as: self-control, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-actualization, self-concept, self-theory, self-monitoring. All these terms belong to one and the same realm and sometimes cover each other; therefore, many authors put different meaning in one and the same term, or vice versa: different terms are understood as having the same connotation. The authors of the article try to put boundaries among all above named concepts based on the western and local psychological literature provide corresponding definitions and thus define each of these concept's place in a hierarchy as well as these terms' interrelations.
A. Loria. Towards the Relationship of a Book and a Person. Reading is a public phenomenon. Analyzing reading as a phenomenon we consider it not as a particular but as a public act. During the centuries reading was an important condition of living. Through this long period of development the book acquired multiple functions. Book keeps the fruits of reflection. This is like "a word turned into a stone" transfers thoughts and ideas through the epochs and across of distances. It is the best source of education. Besides of moral-ideological function, book acquired utility value and is used as a subject of commerce and trade, it can be an object for sale. The natural interrelation between a book and a person creates some problems. There is no particular science studying of reading. Creating branch of science for this purpose is vitally important for the future.
M. Togonidze. Innovations of the Library Management. The article deals with one of the most important subjects of organizing of the library activities, - library management. Theoretical and practical problems of the modern management are considered.
E. Imnadze. Anna Kalandadze (Bibliography). Anna Kalandadze, a poet appointed by God's grace, was born in 1924. She graduated the Faculty of Philology of Tbilisi State University, 1946. A. Kalandadze works at the Institute of Linguistics. She was awarded the Galaktion Tabidze and Shota Rustaveli Prizes and was awarded The State Prize, 1997. Her works have been published in Georgian and foreign languages.
H. Omarova, R. Aliev, Z. Kurbanova. The Role of Embryo and Fetal Hepatocytes in Treatment of the Severe Heratic Insufficiency. The role of the allogenous cryoconserved hepatocytes and the khorion in treatment of the severe hepatic insufficiency was experimentally and clinically studied on 15 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. It was determined that the application of embryo and fetal hepatocytes in combination with the khorion greatly improved the results of complex treatment of the severe hepatic insufficiency.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2002 – Special Issue -130 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
V. Davitaia. Style of Life (in Memory of Irakli Tsitsishvili). The history of architectural school of the Georgian Technical University is a history of life of Tsitsishvili. Under his guidance the faculty of architecture has developed into the department, and later in the whole institute. This was not only a simple change of the name but a result of the essential development. Tsitsishvili was not only a criterion of a high scientific and pedagogical level of this school, but also the example of morality of the all collective. The given scientific conference is devoted to memory of the outstanding scientist and favorite teacher.
A. Apakidze. Irakli Tsitsishvili. After the ending of the Second World War under the recommendation of academician Simon Dzhanashia in Mtskheta archaeological expedition has arrived Tsitsishvili - architect, Hero of the Soviet Union. Since that day Tsitsishvili has actively engaged in studying of the theory and history of architecture. He realized, that without studying the past there can not be a science of today. Besides scientific researches, Tsitsishvili conducted pedagogical activity till the end of his life.
G. Kipiani. Early Stages of Development of Architecture of Georgia. In clause early stages of development of architecture in Georgia (V-III mill. BC) are considered. Types of a settlement and a structure also are submitted. From the given period intrusion and the statement of different civilizations archeologically proves to be true. The territory of Georgia is examined as a point of merge of civilizations, and also, as a place of the further distribution of architectural traditions.
N. Bakhtadze. Genesis of Rock Architecture and First Stages of Its Development in Georgia. In a course of decades Georgian and foreign scientists considered Uplistsikhe as the earliest example of rock-cut monuments in Georgia. According to the number of theories created on the basis of this consideration, tradition of rock cutting in Georgia originated in the period of rock cutting of the most ancient caves in Uplistsikhe, i.e. in the middle of the 1st millennium, and as if this was associated with introduction of the tradition after migration of the people skilled in rock cutting. Our recent studies have proved that rock cutting of caves in Georgia was quite intense already in the 4th-3rd millenniums and later on, practically during the course of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The cave complexes discovered by us on vast territories of historical Kvemo Kartli, along river gorges (riv. Khrami, Mashavera, Zurkateki, etc.) can be considered as a good proof of this consideration. Each of the complexes is rock cut in several tiers, and comprises several dozens of caves with ragged shapes. Archaeological studies have revealed that the larger part of the caves has preserved material traces of Copper-Early Bronze Age or of the consequent Ages in spite of their repeated reconstruction in the Middle Ages. Our version of origination of the Georgian rock architecture in the most ancient period is supported by the fact that rock cutting of cave villages and necropolis was quite widespread tradition of the neighbouring civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean.
K. Khimshiashvili. Ancient Architecture of the Near East and Georgia: Interpretation Difficulties. A number of remains of the Antique period structures have been discovered in last few decades in Georgia. Majority of those sites (buildings) is dated with high level of certainty. But regarding functional interpretation scholars expressed controversial opinions. In the essay are shown many cases when authors expressing their reservations on functional interpretation of some discovered structures and sites (Qumbati, Tsikhia Gora, Dedoplis Mindori, Uphlistsikhe, Armaziskhevi, Bagineti Dzalisi). The same is true for some site of the Ancient Near East of Achaemenian, Seleucid and Parthian periods. For example different opinions are expressed about Ayadana near Susa, tour structures Naksh-i Rustam and Takht-i Suleiman, Persopolis, Takht-i Sangin, Square Hall in the Old Nisa, Mansur Depe. I would argue that current situation in Georgian archaeology and history of architecture reflects general situation of the Near Eastern Archaeology. Once more facts show how limited is our knowledge and for understanding and correct functional interpretation there is obvious need in farther studies.
I. Gujabidze. Technical Problems of the Uplistsikhe System of Caves. Technical problems of the Uplistsikhe architectural-archaeological monument have been studied. General chemical, biological and physical erosion processes have been revealed and the reasons of destruction of the cave bearing elements and the survived most ancient architectural fragments have been determined. Modern methods and technologies for the Uplistsikhe cave-system problems are being recommended.
Z. Kuparashvili. The Virgin Church of Dube. The church is the monument of the early period and is located in the environs of Kvareli, on the bank of the river Bursa. The church was well preserved till the 50-ies of the XX century, while it was not blown up. After the explosion the annex and floor were ruined.
The analysis of the architectural forms enables us to date the annex: the church is built in the VI century and was considerably reconstructed in XVII-XVIII centuries.
The analysis of the monument also helps to make graphical reconstruction. In 1988 restoration works were undertaken in the central part of the church – east window and cornice, as well as the vault of later date was restored in their initial forms, tile roofing was arranged. The reserved walls of the annex were stabilized.
V. Nikolaishvili. Potters' Settlement at Karsniskhevi. A remarkable site dated of the I-IV cent. mill. A.D. has been unearthed at the adjacent suburb of Mtskheta, Karsniskhevi. The site includes potters' settlement, wine cellars and a cemetery. The settlement is arranged at the top of a knoll and on the submountaine terraces. It consists of three layers. Some of the houses, found there, are with sloping roofs and others with flat ones. Near the settlement, there appeared potters' contemporaneous workshops with two types of furnaces in them – one is a two-storey burning kiln and the other is a round one with two selections inside. Wine-cellars and a cemetery, unveiled near the settlement, are of the same age. All the sited, just mentioned, were as if an economic mainspring for Armaztsikhe, Mtskheta citadel when the latter was the capital of Kartli (Iberia) during the beginning centuries of the Ist mill. A.D.
T. Sanikidze. Regarding the Chief of Artists and Architects at the Royal Court in Kartli. Two remarkable Greek inscriptions were discovered during archeological excavations in the ancient capital of Georgia, Mtskheta. Both date back to the 4th-5th centuries AD and both include reference to the same person, Aurelius Akholis, and his official title – the "Chief of Artists and Architects". Of the above two inscriptions particularly interesting is the one discovered on a stone pole providing the list of builders of some missing and perhaps very important structure (temple?) with fortifications. The analysis of the above inscriptions and some other data allow us to presume that Aurelius Akholis was the manager of a multi-profile arts workshop owned by the royal family and held some official position at the king's court. Consequently, in the capital city, like elsewhere across the country, urbanization and construction of particularly important facilities were under the leadership and/or control of professionals and such leadership and control were carried out based on certain rules accepted and recognized by the classical world. The fact that ancient Georgia was a place were construction and design reached a very high level of development has been proved by numerous records (Georgian, Greek, Roman) and archeological data. The office of court architect (chief builder) was widespread in other countries too. In Georgia, such a position existed in the medieval era as well. As regards the term archidzographos (chief artist), it can not be found in either Greek or Byzantine sources prior to the 13th century. In Georgia, there was a position of "court artist" (12th century), which indicated the honorable status of an arts person who had rather limited powers and influence though. The combination of the above two professions is a very rare phenomenon, which indicates the recognition of an outstanding talent of this particular person. Obviously, Aurelius Akholis was a man endowed with many-sided gift.
There is no doubt that Aurelius Akholis was an ethnic Georgian. His Greek name is just another indication of close contacts between Georgia and the classical world.
T. Chichua. On The Point of Dating of The Mtskheta Cross Temple (Jvari). Based on the comparative analysis of old Georgian sources and conclusions released in the works of modern scientists author comes to the conclusion that the construction of Jvari temple was started by the Erismtavari of Kartli Guaram Kurapalat the Great in the time of Katalikos Samoel III at 575-582 A.D. and was completed at the time of Katalikos Kiron not later than 608 A.D.
D. Khoshtaria. Monastic Church at Midznadzori. Midznadzori was one of the monasteries founded or renewed by famous Georgian ecclesiastic St. Gregory of Khandzta (Grigol Khandzteli) and his disciples in historic Klarjeti (at present in Turkey). The monastery in Midznadzori was built around 830 by "the great father" David. A ruined church and small remnants of some other structures have remained in the monastery. Data from N. Marr's 1904 traveling dairy make possible to reconstruct an architectural composition of the church. It is a croix semilibre structure with an elongated nave. Judging by plan and building technique the church dates from the ninth century. Presumably, it is an initial church of the monastery. In the tenth century it was rebuilt and adorned by carved ornaments. Fragments of the adornment can be seen in the modern constructions of villagers.
K. Amirejibi. Urban Environment at the Crossroads of Dual Extremes. An analysis of urban environment is given taking it by extreme categories such as "natural - artificial" and "private - social". Specifics of each pair are demonstrated by examining these categories on a theoretical level. The formation of urban environment influenced by natural, technical, social and personal factors is shown.
L. Beridze. Sun, Natural Lighting and Architecture. Relationship between insolation, natural lighting and architecture is reviewed. The need to form a regulatory basis to solve the problems of natural lighting in church buildings is stressed. Also, new norms of insolation and natural lighting and new principal approaches to method of calculation and regulation are reviewed.
N. Razmadze. Problems of Tourism in Georgia. The article deals with conditions for development of cultural tourism in Georgia taking into account the fact that the culture represents the main mean for self-affirmation in the world's tourism. French version of museum, unifying the versatile cultural phenomena, organic for identification of geographic conditions, into united organism - in situ eco-museum is considered as one of the major elements of the tourist infrastructure. In the version proposed for Georgia, taking into consideration the sociotypes of the tourist behaviour, psycho-types of Georgians, historic and cultural heritage of the country, suggested is to enlarge and expand the concept of eco-museum, organization of which can solve part of the problems related to propagation of the tourism.
N. Shavishvili, G. Mirianashivili. A Fear of Bold Intervention: How to Build in Historic Environment recent architectural interventions into urban fabric of Old Tbilisi had been targets of fierce criticism from conservationists and general public, creating as a result a fear of any intervention at all. Some examples of modernist architectural developments in city centers of Paris, Prague and Berlin are reviewed favorably and their example is set against the over-cautious approach to the Tbilisi center, which is said to lack truly good modern buildings.
N. Shavishvili, M. Gudjabidze. Modernism: New Type or New Impasse? In article, present stage of the development of modern architecture is reviewed. Analyzing modern trends in critique of Western culture, a conclusion is made that after post-modern and deconstruction phases, which had been mostly inspired by penetration of post-structuralism philosophical views into European urban thinking, in Holland at the first place, it is neo-modern movement which takes over contemporary architectural scene of the Western world. At the end it can neither be called a new style, since its secondary role to the formalist modernism of 1920's ("international style") is more than clear, nor it cannot be named as another impasse on the road of development of modern architecture, because it operates within modern syntax, using spatial and time criteria of today, as opposed to a reactionary essence of post-modern culture.
N. Kochladze, M. Milashvili. Street Vending Trade – is it the Time Event (Phenomenon) or a Logic Result of Development of a Society. In this article the phenomenon of the street vending in the countries of advanced capitalism as well as in the countries which recently went on market economy is discussed, also there is discussed its influence on the architectural environment of modern city, on psychological and emotional disposition of citizens and on the cities social-economical development. On the base of studied material is made the conclusion that the street vending is a rational reaction on the contemporary world and it's necessary to develop it and not to banish.
M. Milashvili, T. Chanuria. Towards the Question of Adaptation of Housing Resources of Georgian Resorts. Doubtless that the health-resort and tourist business plays an important role in future economic development of Georgia. Moreover, the necessity of using of existing health-resort recreation resources is also without any doubt. The issues of regulating the use of existing residential buildings for visitors' accommodation become acute. We believe that this requires reconstruction and adaptation of the existing private residence buildings on the basis of corresponding recommendations worked out as a result of scientific-research and practical work, as well as the development of resort settlements and planning of so called "resort villages" on new territories.
N. Tevzadze, E. Maisuradze. Architectural and Planning Potential of Mass Dwelling. The paper offers an analysis and generalization of the series 1-464 AC, 109, 127 and 135 of dwelling house type designs. A number of suggestions have been made to help the improvement of architectural and planning characteristics of the dwelling houses, apartments and areas developed according to the above-mentioned designs.
M. Abuladze. On the Issue of Protection and Qualification of Monuments of Georgian Architecture of the Soviet Period. An analysis of desperate current condition of architectural heritage of XX century is given, and the necessity of their protection and qualification as monuments is stressed. In addition the importance of National Museum of Architecture is demonstrated.
M. Dzidziguri. Urban and Aesthetical Categories in A. Kurdiani's Architecture (on the Example of Two Residential Buildings). The study gives an overview of the role of two still-existing dwelling houses built in the 30's and 40's of the XX century (the period of so-called "socialist reconstruction") in the development of the architectural and aesthetic image of two important sectors of the central part of Tbilisi: the beginning of Rustaveli Avenue (former Palace Street) and Baratashvili Street (former Mukhrani Street). The analysis has proved that in both cases the authors had taken due care of historically specific features of the above streets, the building types for the period of their construction within the limits provided by the architectural requirements of the epoch of so-called "socialist reconstruction".
M. Melkadze. Historical Excursus of Planning Legislative Acts of West European Countries (Parallel to Modern Georgia). The object of the parallel analysis of the article is West Europe in the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries and the period between First and Second World Wars and modern Georgia. As a result of the analysis we can distinguish stresses that will be useful for modern Georgia from land use and urban development as a point of view.
M. Davitaia. Concepts of The Intermediary Space, the Architecture of Street of Kisho Kurokawa and Some Georgian Analogies. In the report examined the theoretical and philosophical ideas of the Intermediary Space and the Architecture of the Street developed by the famous Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa and some of his realized projects which correspond with these ideas in the context of Japanese traditional features. The analysis of the essence theories of Intermediary Space and Street Architecture is given. The attempt of adaptation of these views to some corresponding architectural and cultural traditions of Georgia is also shown.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2003 – № 7 -144 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
I. Tsuladze. The Influence of Energetical Policy on Georgian Vital Interests Promoted in Caucasus Region. On the modern stage of the world's power redistribution, it has been outlined that economical achievements of humanity outstrip political processes of the world. It is highlighted that economy and policy can not follow each other in the same rhythm of life. Nowadays Caucasus is the object of interests of the leading countries, as a Caspian energy transport rout, as well as strategic transit corridor connecting Europe with Asia. The interests of USA, Russia and the leading European countries had collected in Caucasus. Namely, economical cooperation factor can balance USA-Russian, European and Georgian-Russian interests in Caucasus, thus, preventing them from outgrowing in to the warfare. The future political and economical orientation of Georgia will be based upon the balancing act among the interests of the aforesaid countries.
I. Tsuladze. Eurasia as the World Policy Main Issue. The end of the 20th century was marked with the distribution of power in the world headed by the USA. The article includes examination of Z. Bshezinki's book "Great chess board" which considers that Eurasia still remains the world's cornerstone and the USA is regarded as the leader country. The article also includes consideration of S. Huntington's views that the role of leader on international scene provokes erosion of US national interest. 11 September events in USA have influenced great changes in the distribution of world powers.
N. Maisuradze. Philosophical-Political Problems and Economic Principles of Ownership. The author of the article elaborates the new form democracy: Social and Human Democracy and endeavours to prove its vitality. In the author's opinion, the aim of Social and Human Democracy is national and social progress, which will help in confirmation of common Social and National principles and which will unit both concrete National and common National interests. So the economic principles of the property offered by the author are of great importance in humanization of the society and each individual.
I. Bulalauri. Leftist-Radical Conception of Destructivity. Modern social-philosophical notion of destructivity is the generalized expression of a mechanism of deepening and intensification of a global danger for humanity. This notion reflects problems of social and individual-human life. An attempt to explain three versions of destruction in the life of society and individuals is offered in this article. These versions are diverse expressions of destruction. Thus, in psychoanalysis E. Fromm refers to natural deviation from the vital norm mainly, the radicalism and structuralism of leftist provide mainly for negative results of deviation from legal and moral norms. The first form of deviation, that is, anomic-destructive action of psychically ill persons is a subject of treatment, the second (legal) -of punishment, and the third (moral) - of consideration. According to the above mentioned the recipes and methods of treatment, transformation - repair and alternation of the "Diseased Society" are elaborated.
B. Mamulashvili. Abortion and Modern Religious Moral. There are active discussions about the abortion. Various religious organizations take active part in these discussions. Churchmen occupy leading positions among opponents of abortion. By their opinion radical measures for birth control, including abortion, are inadmissible. Each marriage shall imply love between man and woman and desire to have a child. Each act of marriage shall be directed towards conception of new life. The embryo carries whole potential of a human being. Abortion means destroying of the life at each phase of pregnancy.
M. Yerogina, I. Biriukova, V. Maloletnev. The Age-Related Aspects of Psychomotoric Velocity Characteristics in Divers. The age-related dynamics of motor reactions latency and maximal activity rate in divers were studied. The normative assessment scale taking into account athletes' sex and age was worked out. It was shown that the indices of velocity of the motor skills during sporting ontogenesis were improved mainly due to maturing of the CNS but not as a result of specific training.
P. Sheqlashvili. German Diplomacy and South-Eastern Europe after World War II. The work deals with one of the most complicated periods of the history of Germany, namely the period when Germany defeated in World War I and devastated due to the gravest conditions of the ready of Versailles was endangered to be deprived of its economic and political influence in Europe. In fact it became out of the great powers. Germany was expected its expansionist strives in any part of the world and especially in South-Eastern Europe. The latter reviewed from the standpoint of its vast economic and political potential and strategic interests, was subject to constant confrontations in the capitalist world, but the Balkan issue has remained up to nowadays one of the important problems of contemporary International relations in the world. The objectives of Germany have remained unchangeable. The defeat in war temporarily suspended their implementation. By flexible diplomacy Germany managed to recover its strength. Eventually, it achieved the abrogation (cancellation) of the resolutions of Versailles; released itself from the financial and military control of the allies; it was granted (received) foreign loans and paved way to German capital towards the South-Eastern European countries. Germany was ready to fight for the division (distribution) of world with greater self-confidence. The plan of establishing in the Balkans was especially expanded during the Nazi dictatorship.
M. Bakashvili. Dev in Family. According to folk traditions, the Devs having settled at home take an active part in everyday life; fill it with wealth and abundance. However, if they get angry, the situation changes radically. They leave the home cursing and the poverty seizes it, the home gets depopulated and the family wastes away. Hence, people tried to please the evil spirit. The guileful nature of Dev by functional characteristics is identical with other demonic forces. The folklore of the Caucasian peoples is so rich of various versions of them.
L. Janiasvili. On the Problem of Repatriation of the Moslems Deported from South Georgia. Among the various aspects of the complex problem of repatriation of Moslems (deported from Samtskhe-Javaxeti in 1944) historical and ethnic aspects seem to be especially important. Notwithstanding mutual claims and contradictions between the repatriated contingent and the local population, their ethno-sociological study revealed certain integration promoting factors. The existing situation necessitates drawing up a repatriation program based on the complex analysis. It shall promote carrying out well-considered preventive measures, providing smooth integration of the repatriated population.
V. Shubitidze. Noe Jordania's Contribution in Rescuing of the Jewish Emigrants. Vaja Shubitidze's article "Noe Jordania's contribution in rescuing Jewish emigrants" reveals the great contribution made by the Chairman of the independent Georgian Republic N. Jordania, and members of his government in rescuing of Jewish immigrants from German fascists in France during the Second World War.
T. Kublashvili. Adjara in Georgian Mass Media of the First Quarter of the 20th Century. The article briefly considers political situation in Adjara in the first quarter of the 20th century that was already highlighted in special scientific and archive materials and mass media of that period. An important role of press in strengthening consciousness of Georgian population in Adjara is underlined. Though, numerous impediments that nationally oriented mass media faced were also reflected. Further, the article stresses efforts of a big patriotic group that despite active involvement of Russia or Turkey, local pro-Russian or pro-Turkish forces, continued to struggle for its main goal -inseparability of Adjara with Georgia.
M. Kadagishvili. Conquest of the North-West Caucasus by Russia. The article considers the basic stages of conquest of North-west Caucasus by Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries against the background of complex mutual relations of Russia with Turkish sultanate - Crimean and Kazan khanates. Cherkesian embassy to a court yard of Russian king Ivan IV with request for protection becomes a basic point to a gain of the Northern Caucasus up to the middle of the XIX c.
U. Dvalishvili. The Dancing Elements of Easter. Easter is the main feast of spring time. It is strictly connected with the renewal and awakening of nature and rising of Lord-Christ from death. From the old times, the Georgian people held religious rituals at Easter. In the so called Red Friday they prepare Easter eggs and on Easter Monday they visit to their dearest and nearest people's graves. Easter is very interesting from the choreographical point of view. At Easter people sing and dance such songs and dances that express pray and bless to our Lord. These are "Christ's dance", "Bless to the God" etc. It is true to say that Easter celebration in Georgia does not much differs from the European one. Their carnivals are much like to our "Berikaoba".
E. Eristavi. "Besieged" Directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The given work lays out the analysis of the film audio-visual structure. The analysis is expressed by coloring and poetical improvisation of the thematic material.
E. Eristavi. "Amadeus" Directed by Milos Forman. The work considers the film's structure. It also lays out the analysis of the audio-visual polyphonic for the main images of the movie.
N. Amirejibi. The Human Being and Society. Main features of a free individual - dynamics, action, creativity, ability to realize pursue individual goals in synergy with other people. This feature has the ability of transcending and preserving its individuality. In the anonymous mass we can see similar actions of inactive people.
S. Melikidze. The Surnames Derived from Ethnic Names. The work gives the surnames derived from the Georgian and foreign ethnic names and shows their characteristics. It is established that the Georgian ethnic names, in some cases, are given directly in roots in Georgian and Megrelian. It is not the same in case of the foreign names.
Z. Saria. Postmodernist Traits in the Poetry of Galaktion Tabidze. Tabidze has one group of poems which are based on the early existing poems, classical or folklore compositions. By this he develops the informational field of his own poems. If the trace of tradition is concealed and hardly accessible with some authors, it is clear and obvious with Tabidze and it reveals the new spirit of composition. Tradition is one of the constructive elements of Tabidze's stylistic system.
V. Bobrovnikov. Semantics of Violence and Power in the Song about Khochbar. Basing on a comparative linguistic and historical analysis of the famous Avar ballad about brave bandit Khochbar burned alive by perfidious prince of Khunzakh, the author examines changing relations between power and violence as well as cultural memory of banditry in pre-modern Highland Daghestan. After the establishment of the Russian colonial administration by the mid-19th century traditional male unions of Muslim mountaineers became outlaws and gradually disappeared, their military chieftains having turned into criminals. In people's cultural memory this shift is reflected in the new image of a noble bandit like a Muslim Robin Hood. The paper also includes a new Russian translation of the song of Khochbar together with its Avar text and detailed ethnographic comments.
I. Lomadze, N. Putkaradze, G. Chirakadze. Personal Computer at the Lessons of Chemistry Playing Program, which is the Mean of Improving the Cognitive Interest of Pupils. Appling of computer in educational process promotes the excellent teaching. The structure of atom is the scientific-theoretical base of the chemistry school course. Appling of special computer playing program makes the lessons of chemistry more interesting. Pupils involve in playing with much attention, which supports the better mastering of studied material.
K. Kopaliani. Study of Social Perception Regularities within the Youth Sport Collective. The article specifies the regularities of the social perception within the youth sport collective. Based upon the correlative researches the trainer's authority depends on his effective activity in the expressive and instrumental spheres of the sport behavior, while the latter variable in the instrumental sphere makes for the sportsmen's content with the official games. It is also established the correlation between the trainer's authority and sportsmen's content with their relations with the trainer as well as between this latter variable and the trainer's effective activity in the instrumental sphere.
M. Eliava. The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Formation Process of Priority Values of Person. The participation of phenomena of conscious, cognitive nature in the process of person's priority values formation is discussed in this article. It is attempted to define the role of the most fundamental instinct of self-preservation (which on the human level receives the form of aspiration to the immortality) in determination of individual's world view and motivation. The opinions of various authors on those profound mental changes in the person are shown. These changes are determined by necessity of solution of the most critical existential crisis connected with realization of inevitability of death and which evidently determines the person's priority values.
N. Ratiani. Methods of Experimental Works for Determining Influence of Psycho physiological Factor upon the Work of the Operator. The analysis of experimental data demonstrated that normal functioning of "human-machine" system is secured if inertia of the operator does not exceed 1.2 seconds. The reason for increasing sensomotoric reaction or inertia by minor loads is reduction of emotional tension. The quantity of information necessary to direct technological processes in the production conditions is not enough to maintain emotional tension of the operator at an optimal level. Monotony of the direction process causes reduction of attention concentration; it provokes inadmissible inertness and reduces the possibility of non-erroneous operation. Reduction of inertia was achieved by adding sound signals, which reduced time for sensomotoric reaction to 0.5-0.7 seconds and increased accuracy of the system management 2-3 times.
N. Gogichashvili. Basic Psychological Conceptions of Creativity. The paper discusses the basic psychological conceptions of creativity. Summarizing the findings of the available studies has allowed the author to establish the personal characteristics of creative persons: independence, nonconformity, non-stereotyped thinking, inquisitiveness, high affective excitability, desire to seek novelty, striving for self-actualization, etc.
N. Mchedlishvili. The Basic Functions of the Modern School Libraries. The work aims to form the functional directions of the modern school libraries. The functions may be divided into three directions: 1. Methodical, 2. Cultural-educational, 3. Academic programs.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2003 – № 8 -227 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
E. Elbzbarashvili. Sergey Kornev: Nietzsche beyond Good and Evil. The article deals with publications of modern Russian nietzscheologist – Sergey Kornev, "Battaille's Lord and Nietzsche's Lord" and "Mystic, Star Wars and One Paradox of Mass Culture". The author speaks about the coincidence of Nietzsche's absolute domination, Hitler's Fascism and deconstruction of poststructuralists.
I. Skhirtladze. The List of Bees of Caucasus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Melittidae). The study of bees of Caucasus began in the first part of the 19th century. The planned investigation of bees of Caucasus began only in the second half of the 20th century. In this work comparatively fully, is given the list of bees of Caucasus for the first time (Colletidae, Melittidae). The Colletidae family was determined to include 61 species of 2 subfamilies, 2 genera and the Melittidae family was determined to include 14 species, of 3 subfamilies and 3 genera.
M. Bakashvili. The Results of Damnation and Benediction in the Caucasus Folklore. The motives of damnation and benediction deeply have taken roots in the folklore. People show especial care in mutual relations with demonic forces, that in most cases, is the reflection of struggle between the population living in a certain area and the neighbouring world of malicious spirits.
M. Javakhishvili. Montoban Monastery of Georgian Catholics in 19th Century. The article concerns the history of the Georgian Catholics' monastery in the town of Montoban (France) at the end of the 19th century. New documents describing life of Georgian Catholic center were found in the department archives of Tarna and Garonna (in the town of Montoban). According to the documents the exact dates of the monastery foundation (1874), close (1880) and restoration (1896) were defined. In the year of 1901 the monastery stopped its activity. The article describes other equally important aspects of life and activities of Georgian Catholics in Montoban at the end of the 20th century.
Z. Tvalchrelidze. For Archaeological Study of Gareji Monastic Unification. The process of world globalization asks for protection of national cultures and moving forward of scientific researches. In this connection it is important to view Gareji monastic consolidation (VI-XX cc.) and also to define its place amid the whole Christian culture. Archaeological investigation (Kvabebi, Natlismtsemeli...), carried out in Gareji over the last 30 years, prepared bases for reconstruction of cultural, historical and economic life of the monasteries. Although there is much to do ahead in Gareji in this field. In the process of the research, to show up different aspects of monasticism, it's imperative:
T. Japaridze. From the History of Occupation of Egypt by England. Since 50 years of the 20th century in Egypt systematically penetrated French and English capital, which made the serious problems for economics of Egypt. The process of enslaving of Egipt increasess more on its territory by European capital after construction of Suez Canal. In 1875 reign of Egypt, Khedive Ismail sold 44 % of the stocks of Suez Canal Company to the government of England for 4 000 Ј. In May of 1867 England and France legitimated common financial control, which contained all spheres of management. In September 9, 1881 militaries rebelled; the leader was Colonel Ahmed Arabi. Rebelling was partially directed against leadeship of Europeans. In July 1882 England provoked the military incident and bombed Alexsandria from the sea. In september 13, 1882 English defeated Egypt army at Tel El- Kebir and in 14 of September took the capital of Egypt – Cairo. The power was passed to the general consul of Britain.
T. Lebanidze. The Base of Parliamentary System and First Political Parties in Turkey. The paper deals with the questions of esteblishment of parliamentary system in Turkey. The activity of the first Turkish political parties is considered. The innovations in the history of the Turkish legislation are analyzed in the context of the 19th century reforms.
T. Kublashvili. Some of the Treaties Concluded in the First Quarter of the 20th Century. The article elaborates on the relationship between Georgia and Ottoman Empire in the first quarter of the 20th century, particularly in 1918-21ies. This relationship mostly evolved around continuous wars and peace negotiations. The Russian Empire played an important role in this relationship. Moreover, division of the Georgian territories between Russia and Ottoman Empires used to take place ex parte, without involving of Georgia. The article depicts the great importance of Georgia to both of Russian and Ottoman empires. Further, the article represents the efforts of the Georgians for preserving their lands and territorial integrity through diplomatic and armed means.
Z. Bragvadze. The Burial of the Late Classical Period from Sairkhe. The burial of the Late Classical period was discovered in 1995 by the inhabitant of village Sairkhe O. Nadiradze. The archaeological materials from this tomb consist by things of bronze and ferrous - fibulas, figure of deer, knife, rings and bead. The analysis of the grave goods has shown that the burial can be dated to the first half of the III cent. A.D.
N. Tsotseria. The Role of Taboo in Development of Syncretic Art. The article presents the analysis of the theoretical aspects of taboo that is considered as component of the history of folklore. On the materials of history of syncretism the factor of continuity of the phenomenon is taken into account. The problem is examined on a joint of adjacent humanitarian sciences (ethnography, archaeology). The work determines aspects of evolution of taboo, as the phenomena based on the objective and subjective factors. The special interest is given to study and reconstruction of ritual games in the Georgian folklore.
M. Itonishvili. Kote Makharadze on Some Aspects of the Actor's Skill. Letter One. Letter Two. The opinion of Kote Makharadze on scenic skills in presented in the work. Kote Makharadze also discussed and analyzed human emotional memory. Actor's memory – obligatory component of creation precess of a scenic and art image - is effective when the actor is involved in the process of interpretation and his psycho-physical apparatus works in extreme, highly tensed environment. At this time artist is interested not only with own internal processes. His attention is concentrated on the partner, stage environment and the exact performance of the task. On this case the new way of memorization offered by psychologists rests on restructuring, grouping, and systemization. Kote Makharadze carefully studied and analyzed the components of scenic skill. We were once again convinced of that reading his article in the magazine "Sabchota Khelovneba" ("The Soviet Art", 1987). In article Kote Makharadze analyses the logical pause, groups the words by their meanings and defines the speech units. As it known, the logical pause is mobile by itself. Its inappropriate or correct carry essentially changes the contents of a phrase. The fundamental base of the stage life is the correctly put stage task. According to its "whim" all logical pauses or accents are determined. It is the major impulse for the logically correct and artistically persuasive scenic behavior.
M. Tabliashvili.The Role of the Fugue Forms in the Georgian Chamber-Instrumental Ensemble. The present article deals with the role of the fugue forms in the chamber-instrumental ensembles by N. Gudiashvili, A. Shaverzashvili, A. Balanchivadze, S. Tsintsadze, R. Gabichvadze, O. Gordeli, K. Rosebashvili, N. Gabunia, V. Azarashvili and Z. Nadareishvili. The article studies the features of these forms: subject, answer, countersubject, intermedias, interval interconnection of introducing voices, architectonics and process development in connection with the musical-content side. It studies the role of the fugue forms in some parts of the ensemble as well as in the whole cyclic composition; also musical-dramaturgical and compositional side of the "Great Polyphonic Form". In conclusion some national specifics of these polyphonic forms are mentioned.
Ts. Kiladze. The Image of St. Simeon Stylite in the Wall Painting of the Church of Ascension of the Cross in the Shiomghvime Monastery. The article presents the analysis of the image of St. Simeon Stylite in the wall painting of the church of Ascension of the Cross in the Shiomghvime monastery. The given image occupies the special and important place and differs rare and complex iconographical version that determines the contents and originality of the theological program.
A. Mgaloblishvili. Gigo Zaziashvili's Church Painting. The work is dedicated to the activities of a self-educated painter Gigo Zaziashvili. The love to painting, talent, capacity for work has made him an integral part of the Georgian advanced society of the late 19th- early 20th century. The article touches upon an aspect of Zaziashvili's creativity that has never before been dealt with – religious painting. Wall paintings made by the artist in churches of St. Nikolay's (Tbilisi) and Assumption of the Virgin (Shiomghvime) supplement with new strokes the portrait of the artist and at the same time reveal some tendencies and approaches, characteristic for the Georgian church painting of the first half of the 20th century.
T. Sharikadze. The Fan (After the Materials Conserved in the Collections of the State Museum of Georgia). S. Janashia State Museum of Georgia during 150 years of its existence has accumulated large number of valuable objects reflecting Georgian culture, history and its nature. The article concerns one of the elements of woman's decoration - the fan. General reasons of its creation, different stages of its development and the basic centers of fan production from the very beginning to present are discussed. Detailed description of the European and Eastern fans of various forms stored in the collections of the Museum is given, the owner references for the majority of fans and photos are attached.
K. Sokhadze. Day of Week "Sabatoni" (Saturday). The article presents the etymology of word "sabatoni". In accordance with author this word is not a phonetical variant of the Hebrow "Saturday", but comes from Kartvelian word "batoni" with possesive prefix sa-.
N. Dolidze. The Elements ღ, რ , ნ in Verb Finite Forms of the Georgian Language. The elements ღ, რ , ნ in verb finite forms of the in Georgian literature language and narration speech are appeared in front of the root. E.g. ა-ნ-ზოგადებს (makes it general), ა-რ-დგენს (it establishes), უ–ღ–ზრდის (he brings up someone to somebody). By origin the elements ღ, რ , ნ are the remainders of the preverbs გან, წარ, აღ.
N. Katcharava. The Corporative Lexic of Turkish Language (The Turkish Phraseological Units Containing the Somatic Lexeme "baş" (a Head) as a First Component). The Turkish from phraseological point of wiew is a very rich language. In the article structurally and functionally are analysed phraseological units consisting of three or more elements and containing the somatik lexeme "baş". The indefinite (nouns without possesive suffixes) and definite (nouns with possesive suffixes) words with somatic lexeme "baş" have been considered in the case-constructions. Such approach reveals each lexical elements and role of its registration; shows the phraseological units of appropriate model, which within the framework of the same model using the different lexemes act parallelly in the language and form the synonimic pairs. Thus it is possible to define the limits of the usage of the phraseological units for concrete and general situations. The phraseological unit containing the nouns with possesive suffixes is concrete. The word combination without them get independence, give the generalizing contents to an ordinary narrative designe and grow into the independent unit - phraseologism. This is illustrated by all the examples where the parallel (synonimic) constructions are distinguished by the feature of definite - indefinite: baş/ baş-ı
N. Sekhniashvili. Balta Deрmedik Orman "the Wood which was not Touched by an Axe" Type Participle Constructions in Turkish. This kind of constructions includes all the participles: -(y)An, -(V)r, -mIє, -(y)AcAk, -DIk. They are made by intransitive verbs and consist of three components: a participle (yetiєen), a subject of the action expressed by the participle in the preposition (arpa) and a qualified noun (yer). The qualified noun indicates a place (rarely time) of the action expressed by the participle. The subject mainly means the nature: the sun, wind, clouds, rain, water flow, animals, birds, plants; tools: güneş vurmuş tepeler ‘the hills struck by the sun'; kuş uзmaz kervan geзmez yer ‘the place where a bird does not fly and a caravan does not go'; horoz çok olan yer ‘the place where there are (they have) many cocks' etc... There are synonym constructions made by personal participles -DIK-, -(y)AcAK- with possessive suffixes: dondurma satılan//satıldığı yer; buğday yetişecek //yetişeceği tarla; yağmur yağan//yağdığı gьnler. Probably these lexically restricted participle constructions remained from the earlier stages of the formation of Turkish language, when the functions of the participles where not finally defined and differed from the personal participles (-DIK-, -(y)AcAK-).
O. Mikiashvili. Russisms in the Language of "The Georgievsk Treaty". Soon in the Georgian language there appeared russisms - separate words as well as word-combinations modelled after Russian. In this respect it is of special interest to study the language of the first political document which was to coordinate the Russian-Georgian mutual relations. The results of our investigation given in the article testify to the fact that in the given document there are already registered the first traces of the influence of the Russian language on Georgian, the influence which later on took on greatly large scales.
A. Shanava. The Problem of a Method in the Methods of Teaching to Foreign Languages. The one right way of solving the difficult problem of teaching of foreign language in active way under the school conditions is the fact that educational unit should be realized as an educational theme by the method which will be considered as a union of course of theory and teaching.
A. Shanava. Structure of Nonnative Initial Book. By the new method there are structural changes in nonnative initial book: a) preliminary oral course is eliminated because of teaching speech activities at the same time; b) the main part is monolingual, which strengthens the ability of remembering language and speech units intuitively.
M. Glonti. For the Choice of the Author of the "Wisdom of Fiction". In the article there is represented the analysis of the rhythmical alternation of the tellers of the fables in the "Wisdom of Fiction" by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, as well as the distribution of the fables among the characters. Thus, shows up a special compositional function, which points to the motive of polarization of the characters. There is represented the choice of the author: spirituality that comes out of unity and community, that is the spirituality of Christianity.
O. Oniani. Dali's Gift. Dali's gift is importanе detail for understanding the relations between Dali and the hunter. This gift has a magic power. The hunter owning the gift will be successful and will never fail in hunting. But the hunter has to reveal the secret of the gift to nobody, otherwise the punishment is inevitable: the hunter will either become ill or might even die. The punishment is individual. In case of revealing the secret not only the hunter but his whole family is punished. In other words, the fortune of the whole family depends on the gift of the master of beasts, which is a remarkable novelty.
O. Oniani. The Major Features of the Heroism of Amirani. Characterizing Amirani the scientific literature first of all marks the physical force of hero. In the Svan folklore the new variants of a legend about Amirani have come to light, in which the hero in case of need works with sharpness. This is an essential novelty of research.
E. Elizbarashvili. The Idea of Earthly Paradise in "Digenes Akrites". Clause is devoted to a problem of interpretation of an episode on construction of palace and garden in "Digenes Akrites". The question is considered on a general background of a vital road of the hero - Digenes. His feats are examined as the stages of initiation. Thus, construction of palace and garden at the bank of the river Euphrates is interpreted as creation of earthly paradise by the hero, which has reached the perfection. In this connection is emphasized, that the description of the garden in "Digenes Akrites" coincides with representations on earthly paradise (geography, landscape etc.) of the early period Byzantine writers.
N. Macharashvili. "Artistic Revolution". Otar Chkheidze's realistic novel "Artistic revolution" is based on the historical facts. The novel represents the events which took place in Tbilisi at the end of 1991: the revolution, bloody days of civil war. The novel "Artistic revolution", as well as "The White Bear", and "The Bermudian Triangle" are created on trails of events. By the problematics and urgency the novel merits the special concern in environment of the readers.
M. Maisuradze. The Versification Rules of M. Kvlividze's Poetry. The versification rules of Kvlividze's poetry come from the national consciousness and character. The most evident mark of Kvlividze's lyric is laconism. His poetry is mainly based on the syllable-tonal versification. The poetry of Kvlividze is rich with rhythms: feminine (two-syllable), dactyl (three-syllable), assonantic, dissonant, contiguous and crosswise rhythm types are met frequently. In terms of versification the poet does not transgress the classical poetry traditions and writes with catren - the most overspread strophe in Georgian poetry. Very seldom but still epistrophic poem, also stylistic tools – ellipsis and Anjanbemane can be observed in the poetry of Kvlividze. So the poetry of Kvlividze contains the very diverse world of poetic mastery and skills, which is the condition revealing the artistic originality of his poetry.
N. Nasqidashvili. From a History of Literary Criticism of the Magazine "Droeba". Analyzing the lyrics the literary criticism of 80ies of the XX century had also a role of social accuser. Discussing the heritage N. Baratashvili, on the pages of the magazine "Droeba", G. Tumanishvili had noted, that the creativity of the poet represents a transitional step from the progressive romanticism to realism.
K. Tatishvili. Antos's Rite Dedicated to Neophite of Urbnisi. Creation of hagiographic and hymnographic materials on the St. Neophite of Urbnisi (lived in the second half of the 9th century) is associated with Cathalicos Anton I. Anton established the Memory Day of this saint on October 28. He wrote Neophite's Rite in his Feast Hymn Book (S1464 161v-164r). In composing the Rite he stems from the Book of Miracles belonging to the one of Syrian Fathers, Shio of Mghvime. The Book reflects the basic events of Neophite's life and work.
A. Asatiani. Pedagogical Problems According to "The Martyrdom of Abo" by Ioane Sabanisdze. "The Martyrdom of Abo" by Ioane Sabanisdze gives a great deal of significant information about education in early feudal Georgia, particularly in the 2nd half of the 8th century. Text studying proves the existence of both, ecclesiastical and secular educational centres, between which ecclesiastical one was leading. It was realized by church-monastery schools. There also existed "Pupil Institute" where education and training were tutorial, though there are some indications to forms of group training. The whole process of education is Christian and this defines the goals and objects of it, that's why ecclesiastical and patriotic education is practically carried out. From all the forms of education the main place belongs to the personal relation between a master and a pupil.
N. Quparadze. The Conceptual Analysis of Interest. Interest is a significant virtue of a person, which defines his activity and is a pledge of successful realization of the educational process. The article reviews the interpretations of concept of interest by W. James, J. Selly, K. Izard, D. Uznadze etc. The issue of correlation of interest and need is analyzed. That is allocated common and various, which is characteristic for them.
M. Mestvirishvili. Coping Strategies and Cognitive Dissonance. The strategy of coping is the most important in successful resolution of the conflict. It was studied the influence of cognitive dissonance upon the selection of strategy copying, interrelation and its comprehension. Selection of strategy coping is investigated on low, high and medium levels of strength of conflicts. The results showed that the index of strategy solution has a great influence upon formation of priority style of strategy coping. Upon influence of cognitive dissonance, the strategy coping is basically changed by individuals, to which social assistance is rendered, and have the strategy of avoiding the poor conflicts. Also it is clearly manifested, that the direction of strategy changes is the problem solution by direct ways. Investigation of strategy comprehension showed, that individuals, who have powerful tendency of problem resolution, comprehend the strategy coping by direct ways.
L. Kurkhuli. The Forms of Violence and Aggression Over Children and Their Preventive Maintenance. Aggression - one of the brightest displays of emotion, characteristic for all age groups, including children. Among children under school age the peak of aggressive actions is usually marked in the age of four years. The major factors of formation of aggressive actions of children are a cultural context, the parents and child itself. Traditionally strong family institute of Georgia and working cultural background forbid physical punishment of the child. Nevertheless, socio-economic problems have effected on these relations. In the decision of the problem of social adaptation of the aggressive children a key role can play the psychologist.
L. Ksovrelasvili, M. Tsereteli. Adolescents' Psychological Well-being and Stress. The paper represents an issue of psychological well-being as an important aspect of psycho-physical health, its relation to stress coping ability of a personality and other emotional or behavioral problems. Here are reviewed some contemporary approaches of modern western studies on adolescents' well-being, its developmental and some cultural differences. The paper reflects different approaches of the researches implemented on adolescents examined the interaction effects of sex and locus of control orientation on the relationship between perceived social stress and psychological well-being: "external" oriented adolescents are more likely to be tend to distress than "internals" with female adolescents showing greater externality. In relation to psychological well-being in the article are also discussed such personality attributes as self-esteem, control belief, optimism or pessimism, extraversion or introversion. There is shown the evidence and perspectives of the research of Georgian adolescents' well-being with respect to identify its relation to their everyday life.
B. Mamulashvili. Ethical Problems of Transplantology (Xenotransplantation). The author discusses two problems concerning transplantology: ethical problems of xenotransplantation and legal issues of scarce resources distribution during transplantation. Growing shortage donor organs and tissues raises scientists' interest towards xenotransplantation. In author's opinion, in order to achieve maximum objective and responsible decision on the problem whether the outcome to be got as a result of xenotransplantation will exceed the risk of distorting the immunological barrier vital for revival of any species, the one to set apart a human being from other species requires public awareness. Redistribution of scarce resources during transplantation, performed in accordance with social status of an individual or a group of individuals is a routine mechanism to be more or less observed in any community. Unlike the world practice, in Georgia there is no moral principle to serve as a basis for reception and distribution of donor organs. An organ can be transplanted from a genetic relation alive or got through criminal structures (to be sold and bought).
M. Zakariashvili. The Usage of Computer Modeling of the Diagrams of Functions in the Decision of Tasks of Natural Sciences. The given work represents the usage of information technologies during the purchase of modern mathematical education. The computer modeling of diagrams of functions, computer analysis of the received results is successfully realized with the help of unique mathematical system "Mathcad 2001 Professional". The integration of computer science creates cardinally new conditions and promotes increase of mathematical and information culture.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2004 – № 9 -240 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
N. Urushadze. The System Analysis of the Effect of Environment on the Health of the Population. Systems of the "environment" and "health of population" may be considered as the elements of the integral ecological system and as independent, interacting complex systems. "Anthropogenic factor of environment" and "health of adult population" are considered as the sub-systems. As results of studies and considering the time factor, we may carry out observations on the process of formation of pathogenic forms in the population and make certain calculations. We may forecast possible changes in the health of the population on the background of changes of the parameters of anthropogenic factors of the environment.
M. Javakhishvili. Materials on Alphonse Khitarishvili. The article concerns the biography of the Georgian catholic of the end of XIX century, Alphonse Khitarishvili who died in 1909, in France. New materials (obituary and the article of the canon A. Kall) highlighting his biography were found. These materials enrich the portrait of this eminent representative of the Georgian catholic community.
T. Japaridze.The Suez's Question in International Relations of European Countries in the 19th Century. In the end of 1875 thanks to Benjamin Disraeli, England in a very low price bought 40 % of total amount of Suez Canal stocks, which belonged to Egypt ruler Khedive Ismail pasha. "Joint Stock Company of Suez Canal" was the great international association, which had the residence in Paris, however its administrative board was presented by French, English and American capitals. The stocks of the company were distributed in that way that decisive role in its activity always belonged to England. B. Disraeli used needy financial state of Khedive and subordinated this significant international water artery - Suez Canal to English control. Since ruling of Disraeli Suez Canal always was under strict control of England. Some of European diplomats this fact considered as a start of the new epoch in English politic, particular in the Middle East, in the Persian Gulf, towards Red Sea and Indian Ocean for further promotion of Great Britain.
M. Mshvildadze. The Jews in 70-90 AD. In the present work the basis of Judaic Messiahnism is analyzed. Conditions of the Jews in Roman Empire of 70-90 AD are discussed. According to the author, Rome was a classical empire, which for achieving its imperialistic goals, was forced to make concessions. After the dire tragedy of 66-70 AD the Jews were not forbidden to live in accordance with their religious rules (except the period of Domicianus). Following the first Judaic war, the Jewish communities, which were dispersed throughout the civilized world, were consolidated. As a result a powerful union was created the concept of which was the love of Jehovah. The quick spread of Christianity promoted the development of active Judaic proselytism.
T. Kotetishvili. Clothes and Adornment of Kurd-Iezids (Female). It could be said that the clothing and adornment of female Kurt-Iezids have not been studied before the beginning of the 20th century. Limited number of research papers cannot draw the clear picture about the whole complex of the clothes. In this research we tried to make a comprehensive study of clothes of female Kurd-Iezids living in Georgia. Nowadays these pieces of garment are not used in everyday life and can be found only during holidays and celebrations like wedding and only partially. In their complete appearance they are preserved in museums, caravanserai and traditional families.
Sh. Ramishvili. Problem of Independence of Georgia and Soviet Russia (1918-1919). The article deals with question of the attitude of the Soviet Russia towards the Georgian first democratic republic in 1918-1919 years. The first Soviet-Democratic (Menshevik) Government of the republic immediately began diplomatic moves and real care for achieving Georgia's De Jury recognition.
In the paper particularly is stressed the definition of the great importance of the Soviet Russia's attitude to the question of Georgia's De jury recognition by Foreign States. As Russia for years used to meet Georgian peoples any strive for independence hostilely and so this act was so received without benevolence and enmity establish good-neighbor relations with Soviet Russia. Georgian Democratic Republic opened its first representation in Russia By using of special materials in the paper is shown that Soviet Russia's official persons' negative attitude to the Georgian independence was adequately covered in press, to which Georgian republican press responded suitably.
I. Gogolidze. Confrontation of Political Powers and the Batumi Problem in 1918-1920. Most important question in the history of Georgian Democratic Republic was the problem of Adjara. In 1918-1921 Adjara became the object of interest between the powerful countries (Great Britain, Russia and Turkey). First, the Ottoman Empire and then Great Britain occupied Batumi and Batumi district and this territory became the arena of confrontation of various political powers. After the English armies, entrance in these region relations became more strained. They didn't oppose the Russian and pro-Turkish organizations activity in Batumi. In spite of this situation, the national movement in Batumi was very strong. On June 28, 1920 representatives allies and Georgian government signed the agreement, under which the army left Batumi. On 7th of July, Batumi district was returned to Georgia.
V. Sukhitashvili. From the Activity of Aleksandre Batonishvili. The article deals with correspondence (1813-1815) of the leader of liberation movement of Georgia in the beginning XIX of century - Alexandre Batonishvili. Based on his letters sent into the different parts of Caucasus, is shown how Alexandre used created international situation of the beginning of the 19th century for realization of his plans. In the correspondence of Alexandre, the special attention is given to realization of measures for the subsequent military plans. The propaganda methods are carefully worked, for example: reading of the appeal by the skilled reader, appeal to formation of the battle groups in Pshavi, Khevsureti etc. Based on the analysis of the various documents it is possible to conclude, that the attitude of the population to Alexandre was especially respectful. The people perceived him as hero. The article considered also unknown letters, appeals granted letters and other items of information having a big importance for research of the life and activity of the leader of liberation movement of Georgia.
M. Tabliashvili. The Fugue Forms in the Quartets by S. Tsintsadze. The article deals with the wide spectrum of the fugue forms in the quartets by S. Tsintsadze. The author studies their musical-content, dramaturgical and compositional side, the expression of the specifics of the components of the fugue forms (subject, answer, countersubject, intermedia, stretta) and the methods of their process development. The role of the dramaturgical and compositional sides of the fugue forms, interconnection of the fugue and non fugue polyphonic texture and means have been studied in separate parts and in the whole cycle showing the examples of the "Great Polyphonic Form". The author also discusses the specifics of the hybrid – as pure polyphonic (fugue-fugato) and homophonic-polyphonic (fugue-sonata, fugue-rondo-sonata) forms.
M. Lekborashvili. Genre Tendencies of the Georgian Cinema – the Drama of the Stagnation Epoch. This article represents the genre tendencies of the Georgian cinema. It examines a drama of an epoch of stagnation which in quantity constitutes a leading genre, however, a wide range of genre versions is represented under its cover. The majority of the dramas created in this period does not answer neither genred, nor art requirements. The success achieved in the genre of classic drama is quite few. The best examples of the Georgian cinema are created on intersection of genres, be it a comic drama, a drama comedy or a tragicomedy. In the same period in the Georgian cinema the draft to parabolic thinking amplifies, which is demonstrated by establishing of parable forms in system of genres of the Georgian cinema. The parable forms we can see in the dramas " Tree of Desire" by T. Abuladze, "Lived Once a Song-Thrush" by O. Ioseliani, "Swimmer" by I. Kvirikadze, " 19th Centuri Georgian Chronicle" and "Way Home" by A. Rekhviashvili, "Nylon Christmas Tree" by R. Esadze, "Trip of Young Composer" by G. Shengelaya.
The article also considers the film "Pastoral" by Otar Ioseliani as an interesting sample of a genre hybrid.
E. Kvatchatadze. For Understanding of the Seljuk-Style Fret on the Western Facade of the St. Peter And St. Paul Church in Sagarejo. The St. Peter and St. Paul Church in Sagarejo (Sagarejo Region) was built under the command of the Honored Superior of Davit Gareja Monastery – Onophre Machutadze during his superiority term in Gareja in 1690-1712. The decor of the western facade of the church attracts the special attention, it quite differs from decors of other facades by its explicitly expressed Islamic, the so called Seljuk ornament, which has hardly got any direct analogues in the Georgian medieval ecclesiastic architecture. The most noteworthy architectural and decorative element of the facade is its impressive portal, which is richly decorated with Seljuk ornaments (stalactitic, geometrical figures, star-shaped images). In the thesis the Georgian (almost all examples), as well as Armenian churches with Seljuk influences are discussed; also the parallel "prototype "monuments are presented. Thus, St. Peter and St. Paul Church in Sagarejo is the noteworthy monument not only from the aspect of the iconography program permeated with the significant Christian idea typical for the Georgian facade sculpture of the "Renascence" Йpoque, implemented on its eastern and southern facades, but from the aspect of revelation of the Seljuk ornamental decors (portal) of the western facade of the church which had been already approved by the perfect artistic skills of the craftsmen. It is obvious that at this difficult historical and political stage the Georgian art was able to compose constructively the alien artistic motives (the craftsman applied the explicit Seljuk ornaments only on one facade of the church). The existence of Seljuk ornamental decoration on Georgian churches is an essential fact. Those monuments reveal that place of the Georgian culture between the East and the West where the paths of various cultures intersect.
S. Khmiadashvili. The Role of Canonic Imitation in Works of A. Shaverzashvili. The imitation attributes is a major way of musical development and at the same time is a leading base of form and genre in polyphonic music, such as fugue, fuguetta, fugato, canon, and invention. Without doubt, the role of imitation is great in polyphonic music; however, it is used largely in a homophonic works as well. Both canon-form and canon-techniques (mainly dual completes and incomplete imitations) are present in various forms in works of different genres of famous Georgian composer A. Shaverzashvili: in symphonies, operas, vocal-symphonic works, concerts, and chamber ensembles. The article analyzes various examples of this technique with a regard of its concrete artistic content, form, and composition.
Ts. Kiladze. Theological Programme of the Wallpaintings of the Church -"Ascension of the Cross" in the Shiomgvime Monastery. The study describes the murals of the church "Ascension of the Cross" (Shiomgvime), the main subjects of it's theological program, sub-themes and peculiarities, as well presents analysis, apportionment, grouping and contraposition of different scenes and topics and based on above mentioned final determination of theological aspects of the murals. In general the art draft of the murals is quite traditional for developed Middle Ages, but locations of the scenes, accentuation and setting off of compositions form peculiar, highly original and saturated picture.
L. Sikharulidze. The Revival of the "Carabadini". The medical book "Carabadini" is connected with the name of Zaza Panaskerteli-Tsitsishvili. The manuscript was created in the 15th century. The text is written on the hand-made paper in "Mkhedruli" script with brown ink. Some chapters are written in red ink. Special material has been chosen for restavration of the thick manuscript. Everything has been done to retain the old air. The photos of the manuscript were made before and after the restauration.
T. Urushadze. For the Study of Georgian Theatrical Decorative Art of the Twenties of the 20th Century. 1920ies is the most significant stage among the periods of the development of Georgian theater. This period is communicated with the name of the director K. Marjanishvili. Decorative art, as the independent sphere is connected with the activity of namely this director. Artistic decoration of K. Marjanishvili's plays were made by the painters such as V. Sidamon-Eristavi, D. Kakabadze, E. Akhvlediani, L. Gudiashvili as well as Ir. Gamrekeli and P. Otskheli who led their activity only in the theaters. At that period, the reconstruction of the whole stage area was in progress, the range of space means and possibilities were expanded, diverse decoration systems were interfused. The role of K. Marjanishvili and the painters working with him is very important thanks to the fact that in the period of formation and development of Georgian decorative art they managed to solve the most important problem – to give the modern and simultaneously national character to the scenography.
N. Gengiuri. On the Reconstruction of Exterior Masses of the Dvani Church. The exterior masses of the Dvani church are covered by walls of a tower built over it in the late Middle Ages. The difference of building layers and the remains of a gable roof, surviving on the top, allow reconstructing the exterior of the building. It is established that the entire structure of the church, including its dome, was located under the gable roof. The southern annex represented three-part volume.
N. Gengiuri. Some Features of Medieval Georgian and Armenian Architecture. The paper demonstrates features of the development of a type of Medieval Georgian and Armenian architecture, the "Kuppel-Halle". It is established that this type came into existence in both countries independently and developed in different directions. In Georgia two varieties of the type, simple and complex, are attested at the very first stage of its development, existing in parallel in subsequent periods too. In Armenia the simple "Kuppel-Halle" was derived from the complex variety, spreading only from the 11th century. Each specimen constructed on this theme in Georgia is an individual creation, in contrast to Armenia, where the "Kuppel-Halle" churches are characterised by consistent observance of typical features. All this, along with a number of other peculiarities, shows that the local artistic environment determined the original form of architecture of each country.
Z. Oikashvili. Some Questions of National Pecularities of the Harmony of O. Taktakishvili. Otar Takhtakishvili's music is so national, that one can't study its musical-expressive means without envisaging the Georgian folk music secularities and regularities. It is the creative transformation of these regularities and their combination with the pecularities of the European professional music, that became one of the characteristic features of Takhtakishvili's signature. On Otar Takhtakishvili's works one can find both the examples of citation and the creative interpretation of the characteristic principles of Georgian folk music. The ethnographical variety is the main feature of his music. Besides the Georgian folk songs in the sphere of Takhtakishvili's interests there is folk instrumental music as well. He often uses the imitation of folk instruments too. The national character of O. Takhtakishvili's music is often displayed in the structure of his melody and in the principles of accord-heepling and rhythmical-intonational phrases. Takhtakishvili's style is fresh and original. It is due to his ability to sinthesize the achievements of folk and professional music and to make it modern.
L. Kobalia. Main Directions in the Research of Composition System in Germanic Philology. The research of substantive composition system in the Germanic languages is carried out within the framework of comparative-typological method of approach and the object of the study is substantive compositions in languages having different systems.
L. Kobalia. The Compositional-Stylistic Structure of the Journalese Genre. The present article is actual from the point of view of the text linguistics. It deals with the interconditionality between the functunal-semantic types of speech and the temporal model in the review text. The temporal characteristic in the given genre of the journalese is the paramount text forming factor and serves as an indicator of text typology.
K. Sokhadze. The Day of Week "kvira" (sunday) and the Deity Kviria. The article deals with the lexeme "kvira" (Sunday). This word is an exception in the accepted system of names of the week's day. The special literature represents the opinion, that the Georgian name of Sunday – "kvira" has been borrowed from Greek at the first translations of the "Gospels". According to the authors opinion this lexeme is not the Greek loan, but a derivation from the name of Georgian pagan deity Kviria||Kvirae||Kviree||Kvira – the third member (son) of the Georgian pagan divine triad. By function Kviria was the defender of people and the intermediary between them and Morige (one of the Supreme deities of the Kartvelian pagan pantheon). The ritual bread of Kviria named "kveri". According to the tradition of the ancient civilizations (Babylon, Egypt, the Greek-Roman culture) seven Supreme deities were the patrons of the seven days of week. Kartvelian languages have kept those names in difference of literary Georgian language.
S. Berikashvili. On the Classification of the Declination System in New Greek Language. The paper offers to the problem of the classification of the declination system in New Greek Language. There's given a small characteristic of all classifications that exist in modern scientific literature, including accepted classification given by M. Triandafilidis and other alternative systems as well. According to our opinion, the most trustworthy declination system is given by R. Gordeziani, I. Darchia and S. Shamanidi in their work "Ancient and Modern Greek (Comparative grammar)", published in 2001 that is approved with conformable statements given in the paper.
I. Shaduri. Interaction of Derivatemes and Transitiveness of Derived Verbal Stems in Abkhaz. Being expressed in a consecutive order regular verbal derivatemes in the Abkhaz literary language form a certain kind of hierarchy. In the paper the derivatemes which can change the actant structure of dynamic verbs are considered. The derivateme of noncontrolled action is presented on the highest level of the hierarchy. Next to it comes reciprocal in ajba-, then causative and reflexive, which are followed by reciprocal in aj-. Applicative takes the lowest level. Refactive and associative do not change the actant structure of verbs and so they are out of the hierarhy.
On the basis of the consecutive order of derivatemes an algorithm is worked out. By means of the formal criteria the algorithm determines transitiveness / intransitiveness of verb-forms containing more than one derivational marker.
E. Bakaradze. History of Abbreviated Word-Formation. This article is about the main point of shortened words and units formation. Creation and development, stages, role and meanings of abbreviations in the process of word-formation. Historical and chronological classification of graphical and lexical abbreviations, reasons of making words shorter and creation the new units is also discussed in the article. The permanent progress and diversity of lexical system of the English Language gives us a lot of material in order to explore the function of this type of word-formation in any certain stage of development. At the same time, we may compare the functional characteristic features of shortening at different levels.
K. Tatishvili. The Relationship between David the Builder's Rite and the Bible. Anton I Katholikos in David the Builder's Rite often refers to the texts of the Old Testament. The hymnograph is sometimes satisfied by interpretation of a certain episode from the Bible; at other times he uses the Bible phraseology itself or just the words from the Bible.
M. Maisuradze. M. Kvlividze's Translations of the Plays by V. Korostilev. The paper discusses Kvlividze's translations of the plays by the Russian playwright, Vadim Korostilev – "After Hundred Years" ("The Decabrists"), and "The Festive of Solitude" ("Phirosmani"). Both the plays belong to the range of remarkable translations. Translator is a complete master of the Georgian language. He is brought up on the Georgian classical literature, at the same time possesses the folk language and exploits the folk expressions in the translations. Although various cases of free artificial interpretations are also numerous, but we suppose that such kind of free interpretations, based on the artistic sense, help dissolving the Russian author's style.
Z. Tsotniashvili. The Russian Newspaper about Conflict. The attitude of the Russian central press towards the Georgian-Ossetian confrontation, at an early of conflicts, was a matter of great importance, because the ideas formed by means of the Russian press had a great impact on its numerous readers. The complicated up going processes given in coverages with purposive comments of a short informational character were published in the newspaper "Izvestia". It should be noted that at the peak of the existing conflicts, some of the informational coverages published in the Russian official newspaper "Izvestia" in December 1989 brought Anti-Georgian spirit in the public whose big part in those days were greatly irritated by the collapse of the USSR and were ready to support any idea which would prevent that process no matter whether it would be against the historical truth or not. The typical specimen of the coverage is the article "There is one wish – to restore peace" by Soso Baghashvili published in the newspaper "the Communist". It's effect is great, as if you were the real participant of the existing events. The aim of the above-mentioned article was to help to reduce the tension, which was quite concentrated. Perhaps the coverage (in the Georgian newspaper) has more possibility to describe the situation, than the informational article (in the Russian newspaper) but the difference between the Russian and Georgian interests is obviously noticeable.
S. Kvantaliani. Konstantine Savarsamidze and Frantz Kafka. The article deals with novel of the 20th century Georgian writer K. Gamsakhurdia "Dionysus Smile" and biography of the German writer F. Kafka. On the basis of the analysis of the novel and biographic materials of the writer the disharmonic model father-son, where the reason destructiveness is a father are presented.
E. Tzkhadadze. The Stylistic Characteristics of the Modern Georgian Intellectual Prose (Grigol Robakidze). The intellectual style prevail in the prose of Robakidze. The writer frequently uses the forms of Old Georgian language, the dialect forms of the modern Georgian, ignores to rules of contemporary spelling. These individual researches give the special appeal and expressiveness to the art texts of the writer.
D. Partladze. I Need Changuri to Serve the Truth. The article reviews the exteriors of Akaki Tsereteli to tell the truth, mentions the importance to reveal the fallacious faces and his main reason is, to recover people society from this illness. he expressed all his opinion in his poetry, satire, newspaper satire and sparks. The article directs attention on the 20th century literary criticism. Acording to the material it was clear that Tsereteli's principle of "telling the truth" was accepted by literary critics of that period - I. Vartagva, L. Asatiani, Sh. Radiani, G. Natroshvili, M. Chikovani.
Ts. Bablovani. Child and the Universe. Contemporary children's literature reflected the nature of Georgia, its flora and fauna with its wonders, with captivating and enviable originality. Whatever attractive nature might be, without children it lacks its power of beauty. Child and Universe are a huge theme in children's prose of 20th century, which has mastered in creating of magic secret of the Universe in the whole world (O. Ioseliani, G. Shatberashvili, R. Elanidze, R. Inanishvili, R. Chachanidze).
L. Shatirishvili. Bible Citation in the Basil Ancyra's Work "On Virginity" and in Its Georgian Translation. Basil Ancyra in his work "On Virginity" uses citates from Bible, as additional aids mean to reader and to listener while going to basic conception of the work. The translation peculiarity citation of the work in Georgian coincides to translator George Athonite's translation method.
Three groups are formed in Georgian translation of Bible citate of the work "On Virginity":
E. Gurgenidze. The Problem of Prodigal Son in the Novel by G. Panjikidze "The Year of an Active Sun". The novel "Year of an Active Sun" by G. Panjikidze describing the result of separation of religion and science. The soul of the human, isolated from God, becomes depleted and exhausted. The author shows that only by deepening through oneself and by merging of knowledge and belief Nodar Gelovani (personage of the novel) will be able to find spiritual peace.
N. Quparadze. Towards the one Method Developing of Critical Thinking. Contemporary pedagogical and psychological science considers the development of pupils' critical thinking skill highly important. The article presents the description of the developing method - Mosaic I and the strategies, which has been added to it as its modification. The article deals with those psychological and pedagogical features, which give preference to the realization of this method in practice, compared to the traditional one.
M. Artemidze. The Genetic Factors and Aggressiveness. In person formation genetic factors alongside with the social factors play important role. In this view the effect of genetic factors on the aggression is very interesting. Aggression is defined as the stable readiness towards the aggressive bahaviour in different situation. The aggressive behaviour is defined by psychologists as the behaviour, which aims to do physical, material and moral harm to other person. A lot of genetic conception tries to explain the causes of aggression. According to these conseptions the genetic constitution of a person conditions the individual differences. According to their data, genetic related individuals reveal similar aggressive bents. The first genetic conception is represented by Lombozo, who proved, that there are types of people, who possess biological inclination towards the antisocial behaviour. Later on the basis of investigations carried out in Denmark, it was proved that genetic factors influence on antisocial behaviour. Thus, as a result of multiple scientific investigations analysis, we can conclude that genetic constitution of an individual ("Genotype") may condition the formation of an individual into the aggressive person ("Phenotype"), though innate inclination to aggression will be strengthened or neutralized by an environment.
D. Nadirashvili. The Psychological Impact of Majority Opinion and the Feeling of Deficit. In our culture there are cases that strongly impact a personality. Two of them are: the impact of majority opinion and the feeling of deficit. In these cases the person appears under hard psychological pressure. He/she behaves inadequatly that often leads to undesirable consequences.
The given phenomenon has to be rationalized, realized in order to neutralize the negative impact. This process is analyzed and explained in terms of the principles of the theory of attitude.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2004 – № 10 -260 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English.
T. Simashvili. History of Terror. The stages of development of terror on the example of the "Struggle Organizations" of Russian Socialist-revolutionary during the 1901-1907 are analyzed in this report. Compared "Struggle organizations" and "Al Kaida" – activities. Discussed partisan (guerrilla) activities in the Caucasus and Georgia. Annihilated tactics and showed the results. Analyzed anti-terror organs old and new errors. Concluded that "Terror" is one of the new ways of war in the world. Agreed to investigate anti-terror researches in the Caucasus – Georgia.
M. Chkhotua. Physical Education and Sport in Social Upbringing of the Adolescent Generation. Physical education of the adolescent generation is different in social institutes and organizations. Child under-school age is brought up in a family, in a small social group where everybody looks after a child. According the history of physical culture, the system of adolescent's physical education was strict in Sparta, where particular attention was paid to military physical training. Physical education was associated with labor process and military preparation in all countries and among all nations. Games and sport competitions were held very often in Georgian physical education, at any regions, cities, and villages of Georgia. According to the newspaper "Droeba", representatives of all levels used to take participation in popular games and training, what was a base of making friendship. Expansion of international sport clubs more and more increase the role of sport in social formation of adolescent's personality and it is a part of persons' comprehensive development. Sport strengthens good relations among nations and assists person in international education. Physical culture and sport is particularly important sector of youth's activities, which has also high pedagogical and social importance.
B. Mamulashvili. Ethical Problems of International Project "Human Genome". International Project "Human Genome" was commenced in 1989 and irrespective the significant financial difficulties it is funded in many countries all over the world. The objective of the Project is to draw up the genetic map and determine sequence of those 80,000 genes and three billion nucleotides, which form the human DNA. Implementation of the Project Human Genome is accompanied with creation of the revolutionary technologies in molecular biology, which are applied in diagnostics and treatment of genetically determined diseases and also in industrial biotechnologies. Human genome is no more an exclusively fundamental issue, it is significant financial, industrial and social phenomenon. Studies of the genome achieved the level, at which the humanitarians, philosophers, sociologists, law scientists and religious figures should at last pay attention to the issues of bioethics. Thousands of new methods of diagnostics, which would be developed in the nearest future, would allow humans to obtain unique information about the genetic features. Owning of genetic information imply responsibility for applying of this information, what requires to add to the traditional principles of ethics such concepts, as "confidentiality", "inviolability of private life" and "autonomy of the person", which should be applied not only to the individual, but also to the families and the groups of the families, unified by sibling connections (kin). At the level of general philosophical understanding of human nature the Project "Human Genome" can promote expanding of the approach of reductionism, as the human is regarded as a set of well organized molecules. The enthusiasm of the society, with respect of perceiving of the achievements of researches of the human genome, causes overestimating of the role of genetic determination of the human features, what, finally, leads to rejection of the personal responsibilities. The talents, or limited abilities, behavioral deviations etc, are regarded as inherited predetermined features and therefore, human behavior should be regarded as "genetically predetermined" and not the outcome of the free will. We have already been witnesses of such thinking. The issue of predetermined human behavior leads to the paradox, existing for the ages: how should we perceive the free will of the human, if everything in the world is predetermined by the will of Lord? What is the sense of the ideas of freedom, responsibility, moral, in the modern world, if all is determined by virtue of the natural necessity? The purpose of the article is to answer these questions.
N. Maisuradze. On the Issue of Adoption of Christianity in Khevi. The north border of Georgia is represented by the most beautiful mountainous region of Khevi. The authorities have been focusing special attention to this region, as an object of strategic importance, not only from the political, but also from the religious point of view, since, often, the religious firmness constituted one of the factors, which determined the unity and strength of the country. In spite of lack of sources, conversion of Khevi to Christianity should have been carried out, on the stage-by-stage basis, in the immediate future upon announcement of Christianity as the state religion in East Georgia. The foundation of conversion of Khevi to Christianity was laid in the period of reign of Bakar – son of the King Mirian. Strengthening of religion and final adoption of Christianity must have been connected with the Tsilkani Episcopacy.
M. Javakhishvili. New Materials on Aims and Date of the Georgian Catholics Mauntoban Monastery Foundation. The article concerns new materials discovered in France, city of Nantes diplomatic archive. Based on these materials the main aims and the exact date of the Georgian Catholics Mauntoban Monastery foundation (1874) were established.
G. Robakidze. Monumental Drawing of Bela Berdzenishvili. Bela Berdzenishvili a modern Georgian artist has decorated the Georgian ballads, tales. The authentic folklore is the material for her painting. Monumental fresco in the hotel "Iveria" (1967) represents the traditional Georgian mode of life: dances, baking of breads etc.
M. Tabliashvili. The Role of Polyphonic Variations in the Georgian Chamber-Instrumental Ensemble Music. This article deals with the role of the ostinato variations in the ensembles of N. Gudiashvili, A. Shaverzashvili, S. Tsintsadze, S. Nasidze and O. Gordeli. Basso-ostinato (rarely soprano-ostinato) variations as well as their hybrid correlations with the fugue forms (fugue-ostinato) are discussed in it. The author studies the construction of the theme and the methods of its polyphonic variation, counterpoints (retained and renewed).Content, compositional and dramaturgical role of the ostinato foms, their place and function in the variation cycle and the role and meaning of "The Great Polyphonic Form" are analyzed.
L. Sikharulidze. One Georgian Manuscript of the XI Century Kept in Moscow. The Georgian Gospel (Щук-760) kept now in Moscow should belong to a royal family or the Georgian high-ranking official. This wonderful manuscript of the 11th century represents a masterpiece of book art. It is full of illuminations, miniatures and capital letters decorated with plants. The manuscript was bound in silver. As the result of earlier restoration the middle of the setting was well restored on the new leather binding. The manuscript needs to be renewed, and that is what the Russian restorators are going to do.
M. Shelia. Words Containing "Remainders" with the Second Component –berry. Word-formation teaching is one of the important questions in linguistics. Any linguistic practical or theoretical purpose is aimed at providing the student with practice of analyzing words. Doing such work learners of English get additional information about the creation of words and word-structure. It is known that the word of language is a complex phenomenon. The morphemic analysis of words possesses such segments which don't associate with meaning or function and have no full morphemic status. In linguistics they are called "unique morphemes" or "remainders". There are different methods of the segmentation of words and analysis of word-structure. The theoretical base of the given research is associative theory of word-structure and definitive analysis worked up by professor E. Shubin and other linguists. According to analysis there are above 1500 words with remainders in present-day English which are divided into 6 structural types and 17 main classes. Our purpose is to describe words containing "remainders" with the second component –berry presented by the formula [R + NC]. According to the given formula "remainder is marked by the sign R and associative component is marked by NC. The words with remainders have been taken from the Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (12 vol.). On analyzing words learners of English develop their logic thinking, solve problems connected to word-formation and deepen the knowledge of English.
T. Bezhanishvili. Phraseological Units with Prop Word "An Eye" in German and Georgian (Structural-Semantic Analysis). The article deals with the phraseological units with the prop word "an eye". Comparative analysis shows that there exist as similarity as difference between them. The most spread structure in both languages is the structure: a noun and a verb.
I. Kruashvili. Word Formation as an Independent Linguistic Discipline and Scientific Level of Its Research in Contemporary Germanic Philology. The dynamics of word formation development in German from its origin to the formation as an independent linguistic discipline is discussed in the article. The special literature is analyzed and actuality of the problem is proved. Position and importance of word formation in the range of linguistic disciplines are determined. It occupies medial status between the layers of Vocabulary and Grammar. It's mentioned in the article that scientific research of word formation in German is on a quite high level but the series of issues to be studied and defined further are indicated too.
K. Gigashvili. For the Formation of the Category of Tense. In the present paper it is elucidated that the oldest stage of the development of thought doesn't acknowledge time relationships. At first there must have been the eternal tense forms and then people must have singled out the Present Tense from the continuous chain of time, which must have been followed by the comprehension of the Past Tense. The Future Tense is the most recent formation. The category of tense was formed only then when there appeared the two tenses – Present and Past, and when they apposed each other.
K. Gigashvili. For the Semantics of the Verbal Stems Intended for the Names of Lifeless Things in the Middle Georgian Language. The semantics of the verbal stems intended for the names of lifeless things in the Middle Georgian is elucidated in the present paper. It is noted that with the verbs intended for the names of lifeless things are often used the names of living things. The data existed in the Middle Georgian are the echo of ancient situation when the verb stems did not distinguish the names of living things and lifeless ones.
S. Berikashvili. For the Classification of the Declination System in the Grammatics of Antique Period. The article offers to the classification of the declination system in the grammatics of Antic period. There are given theories of the great thinkers of Antic period, including opinions of Aristotle, Chrisipus, Diogenes, Amonius, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Donatianus, Aristarchus, Herodian and Dionysius of Thrax. Unfortunately, there's too little information about the declination system in the grammatics of Antic period. In the details we can talk about the case system according to the Grammar of Dionysius of Thrax Art of grammar. On the basis of considered grammatics we can state that in the grammatics of Antic period there is no inforamtion about the declination system and its types, but there's the tendency of systematization of noun flexion by the cases. In the article there's also given the origin of the terms πτωσιζ and κλίσιζ. At the beginning they are used in the different broad sense, than they have today. Thus, according to Aristotle πτωσιζ means all forms of the word that is derived from the "normal" (initial) form and it offers almost to all parts of speech, while the term κλίσιζ means not only the declination, but commonly the inflexion of the world (both: declination and conjugation). The modern meaning of the term πτωσιζ was given by Stoics. As for the term κλίσιζ, in the Modern Greek language it has preserved its meaning and is used both for the declination, and for the conjugation.
A. Shanava. Methodical System of I. Gogebas vili. Combined Method. I. Gogebashvili created original method of teaching Russian Language at Georgian schools, called as mixed. In the 40s of the 20th century mixed methods of Gogebashvili gave basis to the new, combined method. In spite of that combined method does not have methodical conception, it took great part in teaching Russian Language in Georgian secondary and primary schools.
A. Shanava. Direct Method of V. Nioradze. In the beginning of 80s of the 20th century for teaching Russian Language in Georgian primary schools was offered the direct methods in order to turn Russian Language into a "Second Native" language for Georgians. But nor the idea of "Second Native" language neither direct method couldn't find its roots in Georgian school.
N. Shengelia. National Self-Determination and Autokephalous Problem in the Magazine "Gantiadi". The "Gantiadi" a monthly theological, philosophical, political and literary magazine was first issued in Kutaisi on 1913. Studying this publication gives the clear idea of the national-christian importance of the magazine. The materials published in the magazine concerned national problems, showed extreme aspiration to autocephalous church and critical position fixated against the government. The "Gantiadi" elucidated the question of self-determination of Georgia which had been subordinated and annexed. The position of the editorial board was the following: whether the annexation was upon the condition or with the help of arms, this process shouldn't have concerned Georgian church. Edition of the "Gantiadi" was soon stopped. The magazine reestablished in 1915 was quite different. It was no longer theological, but a literary edition.
T. Kotorashvili. Problems of the German Literature and Culture in the Georgian press of the Twenties of the 20th Century. The article "Expressionistic lyric poetry" by Valerian Gaprindashvili was printed in "Mnatobi" № 2 1924. Emotional spirit of expressionistic lyric poetry was conditioned by the terms of everyday life. Poetry of expressionists is full of love towards one's neighbor that is impregnated with Christian moral.
T. Megrelishvili. The Autobiographysm in V. Khodasevitch's Prose ("Derzhavin"). The autobiographysm as a phenomenon stands near the memoirs genre. For the biographic prose of Russian emigration is necessary the condition of person's auto-modeling in text. The popular phenomenon becomes the modeling of main hero's person by the type of the author's person. This is the united rule for the documental, and for the belles-lettres literature. In biographic story "Derzhavin" Khodasevitch builds an image of his main hero by the auto-modeling type. The base of the model becomes one for the author and hero the feeling of creativity like the classic harmony, and also the feeling of unity in creativity and common activities. Khodasevitch gives his hero the thoughts and feelings, which were the reflection of the existential mind of Khodasevitch about the troubles in Russia and the first ten years of "Russian foreign country" existing. In the relationship with this reflection the creativity as a method of person's self-expression lose, by Khodasevitch mind, the whole sense. The civility as an important part of Russian poetry, by Khodasevitch`s mind, cannot be normally realized in emigrants creativity. By this position Khodasevitch proposes his own interpretation of Derzhavin‘s person and creates his image as the "inside-emigrant". By the personal Khodasevitch‘s thoughts in this work also is motivated the Derzhavin‘s refusal from the poetry. All these moments in this work make Derzhavin the expresser of author's mind's model. This story because of autobiographysm‘s presence in it takes the bright memoirs character.
I. Bagdoniene. From the "Apocalypses" to Decadence. In this literary work is analyzed the some aspects of Apocalypse genre, which will be reflected later in works of symbolists, who used them as a base for their literary experiences. During its many-years existence the Apocalypse genre changed, but in the same time there was a phenomenon of new motives and new interesting directions in it. Trough the Middle Age epoch and to the modernistic new century – this is a trajectory of Apocalypse genre's movement, from the time of its beginning. The Russian symbolists often use the West model of Apocalypse genre. They have as a base the fact, that the West religious philosophy in that time was ecumenistic and varied. Analyzing the works of D. Merezhkovski and other authors of Silver Age we can see, that the Apocalypse genre was not only transformed by symbolists, but it was created by them in many ways, and later their model of Apocalypse genre will be canonic.
G. Kapanadze. The Georgian Media about the Social Price of the Market Reform. In the Soviet Union the propaganda of a need to move to the market economy began in the "Perestroika" times. The idea became a popular topic of the Georgian media which has immediately followed the new wave of the central mass communication. This process faced, technically, no holdbacks. Although, later it became clear that both the media and the society were captured by some infantile ideas. The experts knew beforehand that the reforms couldn't go painless and smooth but as a rule, they avoided talks about this publicly. The media had no serious, honest and open talks on this topic. Some of the publicists and politicians tried to warn the society about the upcoming huge social price of those changes. Although, they explained that without this it would be impossible to go forward and reach new levels of the social, economical and cultural development. All these problems did not characterize only the Georgian reality but also other Soviet republics and the countries of so called Soviet camp faced the same difficulties.
G. Kapanadze. The Georgian Media about the Role of Society in the Fight Against the Corruption. It is impossible to achieve the real results in the fight against the corruption without creating a civil society which has to make the government to go against this evil to defeat it. We just make first steps in creating such civil society in our country. Also, this process does not go smooth and meet many problems. The people raised in the soviet times find difficulties in breaking free from the "Theory of bolt" according to which only the governmental branches have the power to make decisions about the country's fate, and the people have nothing to do with this. The fight against the corruption falls in the same category. The situation becomes more complicated because of the attitude of the society. Sometimes you may even doubt if the society really wants to defeat the corruption. Generally, the Georgian media tries to avoid speaking about this problem. I think the media is afraid to lose its rating.
T. Kurashvili. The Refrein in "the Hand of a great master" by K. Gamsakhurdia. The article deals with the stylistic device refrain - typical to Gamsakhurdia's work. Refrain makes the prose dynamic and pulsating. By means of refrain Gamsakhurdia reveals the psychology of inner world of the characters and stresses the tensity and globality of the events.
I. Darchia. The Function of Colours in Sophocles' Aiax. As my research and the article stated, only two colours are used in Sophocles' Aiax: black – 5 times, and white – 3 times (3 times in the choral and 5 times in the dialogic parts of the tragedy), expressed by 8 colour terms (4 simple and 4 complex). The black, as so-called dominant colour – an Aeschylian artistic and chromatic device – is used by Sophocles in Aiax to underline the main personages, ideas and motifs of the play (namely: the blood that will be shed; the fatal sword gifted by Hector to Aiax and used by him to kill the herd in the beginning and to commit suicide in the end of the play; Odysseus, an enemy who turned into a friend, determining the course of the tragic conflict). Not only the principle of colour used, but also the word combinations – in which the black colour is used – are influenced by Aeschylus. At the same time, an indirect connection can be seen between the "black sword" of Aiax and the "black arrow" of the Erynies in the "Choephoroi" by Aeschylus (see: "Aiax", 229-230, "Choephoroi", 283-287). Therefore it can be assumed that the artistic and namely chromatic vision of Sophocles in Aiax can be compared with the Aeschylian one, proving the famous reference of Plutarchus: "Sophocles used to say that he had fought his way through the pomp of Aeschylus" (De prof. in virt., 79 b).
N. Kuparadze. Revealing of Primary Classes Pupils' Interests. Interest plays a special role in developing a person's intellect, skills. It influences positively develops on thinking, memory, will power. The article analyses K. Izard's, W. James', D. Uznadze's statements regarding interest. Experimental work on revealing pupils' interests in primary classes that we carried out is described. A classification of pupils' questions is given: the questions referring to the origins of things, constatation of facts; revealing the nature (character) of the thing, etc. Those pedagogical conditions are underlined which benefit revealing and encouraging pupils' interests: purposefully organized talks, cooperative relations between pupils and teachers.
N. Javakhishvili. Teacher Evaluation Questionnaire. The questionnaire construction process consisted of three stages. Stage 1 - 100 students listed characteristics and behaviors of teachers; stage 2 - the list was made clear through focus group interviews, stage 3 - the questionnaire was worked out and the pilot study carried out, based on which the final version of the questionnaire was prepared. Finally, the teacher rating study was conducted via the newly constructed questionnaire at the department of psychology, TSU. The results show both: positive and negative evaluation thus providing space for serious changes at the department, which are on their way.